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Adolescent Psychology. > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

How has dating evolved over the last century?

A
  • Before the 70s, it was structured around dating.
  • Early 1900s supervision and parental permission was common.
    -1960s, women’s movement and birth control starting hookup era.
    -2000s, LGBTQ more accepted.
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2
Q

Why do adolescents form love relationships?

A

Doing fun things with someone, looking for a partner for the long-term.

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3
Q

What distinguishes friendships from romantic relationships?

A

Romantic relations involve more intense emotions.

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4
Q

Sternberg’s theory of love.

A

Suggests that there are 3 main components that make up love: passion, intimacy, and commitment.

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5
Q

Passion.

A

Intense physical attraction and desire for another person.

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6
Q

Intimacy.

A

Emotional closeness and connection with the other person.

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7
Q

Commitment.

A

This is the decision to stay with the other person and work through challenges together.

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8
Q

How do adolescents choose romantic relationships?

A

People are attracted to others who are similar to them.

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9
Q

What are the 4 phases of love proposed by Bradford Brown?

A

Initiation, Status, Affection, and Bonding.

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10
Q

Initiation.

A

Start of romantic relationship, characterized by mutual attraction and interests between individuals. People may experience infatuation, excitement, and anticipation as they get to know each other.

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11
Q

Status.

A

In this phase, the relationship becomes more defined, and individuals establish their roles and expectations within the partnership.

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12
Q

Affection.

A

Characterized by emotional closeness, intimacy, and attachment between partners.

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13
Q

Bonding.

A

This phase represents the culmination of the relationship, where couples solidify their commitment and deepen their emotional connection.

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14
Q

Why are breakups hard for adolescents?

A

Egocentrism and personal fables, hard to avoid contact with the former partner.

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15
Q

Cross-cultural similarities in the qualities men and women consider important in a mate.

A

Kindness, dependability, emotional stability, mutual attraction.

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16
Q

Cross-cultural differences in the qualities men and women consider important in a mate.

A

Men tend to place greater emphasis on a partners resources and earnings, greater importance on a parters youth and physical attractiveness. Women prioritize qualities related to warmth, nurturance, and caregiving in a partner.

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17
Q

Restrictive societies.

A

Control or forbid any sexual expression before adulthood or marriage.

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18
Q

Semi restrictive societies.

A

Adolescents should not engage in premarital sex, however, these prohibitions are not taken very seriously or enforce very rigorously.

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19
Q

Permissive societies.

A

Expect children and adolescents to be sexually active.

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20
Q

What order do various sexual experiences occur in.

A

Masturbation, necking and petting, sexual intercourse, oral sex.

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21
Q

What are the features and prevalence of arranged marriages?

A

Families play a large role in selecting the spouse often with limited input or choice from the people getting married.

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22
Q

How does porn impact adolescents’ perceptions of sex?

A

Distorted expectations, decreased satisfaction in relationships, gender stereotypes.

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23
Q

What distinguishes adolescents who have sex early vs late?

A

-Early: Less contraceptive use, more sexual partners, teen pregnancy.
-Late: Parent control and support, late mature, higher academic aspirations, sex education.

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24
Q

What characterizes sexual behaviour in emerging adulthood?

A

Views as a normal part of life, age 18 half have had sex, age 25 almost all have had sex, almost 80% of college students have at least one casual sexual experience.

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25
Q

Why is adolescent condom use inconsistent?

A

Lack of access, fear of being judged.

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26
Q

Prevalence of pregnancy and abortion.

A

30% of teen pregnancies end in abortion, 14% end in miscarriage.

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27
Q

What are the consequences of adolescent pregnancy?

A

Risks are anemia, renal disease, eclampsia, depression, unsafe abortions.

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28
Q

Chlamydia.

A

-2nd most common, leading cause of female infertility.
-Symptoms include pain during urination, pain during intercourse, and pain in lower abdomen.
-Treatment is antibiotics.

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29
Q

Gonorrhoea.

A

-Men symptoms can include pain or burning sensation when peeing, white, yellow, or green discharge, swelling or redness at the opening of the penis, pain or dwelling in the testicles.
-Women symptoms can include pain or burning sensation when peeing, increased vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods, painful intercourse, abdominal or pelvic pain.
-Treatment typically involves antibiotics.

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30
Q

Syphilis.

A

-Transmitted from a pregnant person to their baby.
-Symptoms include painless sore, fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and patchy hair loss.
-Treatment includes antibiotics, most commonly penicillin.

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31
Q

Viral: HPV.

A

-Human papillomavirus (herpes).
-Most common: asymptomatic and genital warts. The warts result in itching, irritation, and bleeding.
-Treatments include medicines to make the warts dry up or laster surgery.

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32
Q

HPV: Who is at risk, and treatment.

A

-Transmitted through bodily fluids.
-Women are more vulnerable.
-African American men ages 20-24 are high risk.
-No symptoms at first but can be identified in a blood test 6 weeks after infection.

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33
Q

Comprehensive sex education.

A

A curriculum-based process of teaching and learning about cognitive, emotional, physical, and social aspects of sexuality. It aims to equip children and young people with knowledgeable skills, attitudes, and values that empower them to realize their health, and understand and ensure the protection of their rights throughout their lives.

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34
Q

How has access for secondary school changed? How does access and enrollment in secondary school differ from western and non-western adolescents?

A

Access to high school has gotten better over time, laws say kids have to go to school until a certain age, in western places high school is usually required and easy to get too. In non-western countries, getting to high school is harder, families might prioritize boys’ education over girls’.

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35
Q

What are the barriers to school access in developing areas?

A

Financial constraints, limited infrastructure, poor quality, conflict, poor health, and nutrition.

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36
Q

What kinds of secondary school are there around the world?

A

Comprehensive high schools in the USA, Canada, and Japan, European model: college preparatory, vocational, professional.

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37
Q

Parents impact on academic achievement.

A

Involvement and expectation, parenting style, family income.

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38
Q

Peers impact on academic achievement.

A

Collaborative learning, peer norms.

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39
Q

Student characteristics on academic achievement.

A

Motivation and self-efficacy, cognitive abilities, learning style, resilience.

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40
Q

What are the characteristics of effective schools?

A

Strong leadership, high expectations, focus on teaching and learning, safe and supportive environment, collaborative culture, resources allocated strategically.

41
Q

How does school size matter?

A

-Larger schools: the less attachment students feel to their teachers and the school, and have the advantage of being able to offer more diverse range of classes than smaller schools.
-Smaller schools offer less diversity in extracurriculars, students in smaller schools are more likely to participate in them.
-Best school size for adolescents in between 500-1000 students.

42
Q

School climate.

A

The quality of interactions between teachers and students. Students were better off in schools where teachers tended to be supportive and involved with students but also applied firm discipline.

43
Q

How does adolescent work impact adolescent school performance?

A

Part time work in high school can be demanding to school performance, especially for adolescents who work more than 10 hours per week.

44
Q

What does successful teaching look like?

A

Requires demandingness and responsiveness.

45
Q

Gender differences in academic performance.

A

-Girls: Achieve higher grades, have higher educational aspirations, less likely to drop out, less likely to have learning disabilities.
-Boys: Do less homework, watch more TV, read fewer books.

46
Q

What characteristics distinguish adolescents who are gifted?

A

Display precocity, independence, drive for mastery, excellence in information processing, both in AP classes, may become bored with school.

47
Q

What is a learning disability?

A

-3.2% of Canadian children have a learning disability, more common in males.
-Neurodevelopment visored that impedes the ability to learn or use specific academic skills.
-Most common: Speech handicaps, ADHD.

48
Q

What factors contribute to high school drop out?

A

Adolescents with learning disabilities are more likely to drop out.

49
Q

What factors contribute to college retention and dropout?

A

Retention is higher among white students, lack of financial support.

50
Q

Student Subcultures?

A

-The collegiate: to have fun.
-The vocational: to get a degree.
-The academic: to pursue knowledge.
-The rebel: to pursue and identify.

51
Q

What are the long-term benefits of going to college?

A

More likely to work, become more confident, higher earnings, less likely to divorce and lower rates of substance abuse and mental health problems.

52
Q

What are the main forms of adolescent work in traditional cultures?

A

Hunting, fishing, and gathering, farming and care of domestic animals, childcare and household work.

53
Q

Know about the factors that contribute to child labour?

A

Poverty, lack of education, conflict, traditions or societal norms, weak enforcement of child labor laws.

54
Q

What does adolescent work look like today?

A

Babysitting is more common first job for American girls, for boys its yard work, older adolescents is restaurant work, manual labour.

55
Q

How is work associated with psychological function in adolescence?

A

Up to 10 hours a week, working has little effect on the amount of sleep adolescents get. Beyond 10 hours is when amount of sleep declines and more is disruptive.

56
Q

How is work related to problem behaviour in adolescence?

A

Adolescents who work more are more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs, vandalism, driving while intoxicated.

57
Q

What are some of the benefits of adolescents work?

A

Gain a sense of responsibility, improve their abilities to handle money, develop better social skills, and learn to manage time better.

58
Q

Cultivation theory.

A

Consumption shapes individuals world views to alight with that is viewed on TV.

59
Q

Social learning theory.

A

People imitate behaviours they see rewarded when performed by others.

60
Q

Uses and gratification theory.

A

A way of understanding why people choose to use media like TV, social media, or video games. This theory focuses on what people do with media.

61
Q

What is the media practice model?

A

A way of understanding how people use media in their everyday live. This model says that when we use media, we’re not just passive consumers, we are active participants who make choices about what to watch, media isn’t something we consume, its something we do.

62
Q

What is user-generated content?

A

Stuff like videos that regular people create and share online.

63
Q

The different uses for media by adolescents.

A

Entertainment, identity formation, high sensation, coping, youth culture identification, information seeking and learning, socialization and communication.

64
Q

What do we know about the link between media and aggression?

A

While media can’t directly make someone violent it can influence behaviour in different ways

65
Q

What is the link between media and social relationships in adolescence?

A

Teens might use social media platforms to chat with friends and it is a way for them to feel connected. Spending too much time on screens can affect how teens learn to communicate and build relationships.

66
Q

Externalizing problems.

A

Affect the persons external world.

67
Q

Internalizing problems.

A

Affect the person internal world.

68
Q

What factors contribute to road injuries for adolescents?

A

Inexperience, driving under the influence, care accidents are leading cause of death among young people in their late teens.

69
Q

Know what graduated licensing is and the restrictions it imposes.

A

3 phases, learning license, restricted license, and full license. Have been shown to be effective in reducing accidents.

70
Q

What is unstructured socializing?

A

When people handout or spend time together without following a specific schedule.

71
Q

The prevalence of substance use for Canadian Adolescents. High-risk driving.

A

Men 19%, women 22%, other 19%.

72
Q

The prevalence of substance use for Canadian Adolescents. Alcohol.

A

Men 36%, women 42%, other 40%.

73
Q

The prevalence of substance use for Canadian Adolescents. Energy drinks and alcohol.

A

Men 15%, women 19%, other 23%.

74
Q

The prevalence of substance use for Canadian Adolescents. Sweetened/high-alcohol drink.

A

Men 15%, women 21%, other 17%.

75
Q

The prevalence of substance use for Canadian Adolescents. Cannabis.

A

Men 16%, women 19%, other 21%.

76
Q

Acute effects alcohol.

A

Poor reaction time, poor motor coordination, memory loss, blurry vision, slurred speech, vomiting, lowered reasoning, slower hear rate.

77
Q

Acute effects cannabis.

A

Poor reaction time, poor motor coordination, impaired short-term memory, impaired ability to concentrate, impaired judgement, sleepiness, dizziness, increase heart rate.

78
Q

Chronic effects alcohol.

A

Cognitive deficits, cancer, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, heart disease.

79
Q

Chronic affects cannabis.

A

Cognitive deficits, memory, attention, IQ, chronic bronchitis, risk of stroke and heart disease, schizophrenia/psychosis.

80
Q

The 4 reasons adolescents use drugs.

A

Experimental, social, medicinal (coping), addictive.

81
Q

What is a substance use disorder?

A

Problematic pattern of using substances that results in impairment in daily life or noticeable stress.

82
Q

Social influence model.

A

Social resistance training, norm correction.

83
Q

Social competence model.

A

CBT skills training, problem solving, coping skills, self-management, assertiveness skills.

84
Q

Type of delinquency, Adolescence-limited delinquency.

A

Occurs for brief period of years during adolescent and is not preceded by other problems in childhood.

85
Q

Types of delinquency, life-course-persistent delinquency.

A

Which begins early in life with a difficult temperament and cognitive deficits, continues long beyond adolescence.

86
Q

What factors contribute to externalizing problems?

A

Social and cultural norms, policy, schools, neighbourhoods, workplace, social or religious organizations, family, peers, partner, age, education.

87
Q

What is major depressive disorder?

A

A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest, symptoms include sadness, sleeping too much, losing interest in things you used to enjoy, low energy.

88
Q

Causes of depression and the diathesis-stress model.

A

-Diathesis-stress model is like a way of thinking about why some people might develop depression, there’s 2 main parts: diathesis and stress.
-Diathesis means having certain vulnerabilities or predispositions that can make someone likely to have depression, genetic factors, personality traits, or early life experiences.
-Stress refers to difficult or challenging situations that someone might face in life.

89
Q

The gender differences in depression.

A

Rates of depression are higher among girls than boys.

90
Q

The two main treatments for depression.

A

Antidepressant medications and cognitive behavioural therapy.

91
Q

What is CBT?

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy, a type of therapy that helps people understand and change the way they think and behave, based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and actions are all connected, and by changing how we think, we can change how we feel and act.

92
Q

What is a negative explanatory style?

A

A habit of explaining bad things that happen in a negative way. It’s when someone tends to blame themselves, see things as permanent or unchangeable.

93
Q

What is at greatest risk of suicide and what are the risk factors?

A

Family disruptions and substance abuse are predictors. Adolescents who have previously attempted suicide.

94
Q

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

A

-Anorexia nervosa is intentional starvation and bulimia nervosa is binge eating and purging.
-Anorexia nervosa symptoms: Significant weight loss, fear of gaining weight, distorted body image.
-Bulimia nervosa symptoms: Physical symptoms such as swollen glands, dehydration, binge eating, self-esteem tied to body image.

95
Q

The risk factors for eating disorders.

A

Genetics, psychological factors, traumatic experiences, cultural and societal pressures.

96
Q

How are eating disorders treated?

A

Treatment for anorexia generally requires hospitalization. Relapse rates are high for both.

97
Q

What is resilience?

A

Many adolescents exhibit resilience despite growing up in high-risk conditions. Some of the key protective factors that promote resilience are high intelligence, one caring adult, a healthy school environment, and high religiosity.

98
Q
A

Adolescent Psychology. (1 decks)

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