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EMRG1230 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Pathway of blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood -> superior vena cava/ inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs to collect O2/ dump CO2 -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> body

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2
Q

Role of pons in respiratory

A

Coordinates actions of medulla for a smooth breathing center that has stimulating neurons and inhibitory neurons to start/ block actions to increase/decrease the rate and depth of inspiration based on chemical/pressure levels

Homeostatic balance of rate and depth of respirations

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3
Q

Broca’s area

A

Motor/ expressive speech area that controls the output of words (verbal/written) to ensure they are coordinated/ appropriate

Base of the frontal lobe

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4
Q

Left ventricular failure

A

Most commonly damaged during an MI

Happens when the left side of the heart can’t pump blood from the pulmonary vessels so blood backs up behind the left side causing increased pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary veins and serum to be forced from pulmonary capillaries and into alveoli.

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4
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete or release chemicals/hormones that are used in the body directly into the blood stream to be carried to target tissues

The hormones are messengers that are responsible for telling one part of the body to start/stop doing something and coordinates bodily functions like regulation of mood, growth and development, metabolism, tissue function, sexual development and function.

Examples: pineal gland, ovaries/testes, pituitary gland, hypothalamus

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5
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secretes hormones/products into ducts to the surface of the skin or body cavity to excrete chemicals for elimination

Examples: sweat glands, salivary glands, liver

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6
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Integration center that comprehends language receive (written/spoken) with connective fibers to visual/ auditory areas

Located in the posterior temporal lobe

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7
Q

Role of medulla in respiratory

A

Controls rhythmic nature of breathing

Inspiratory center is the pacemaker of the respiratory control center that depolarizes and send impulses via phrenic nerve in diaphragm and intercostal nerves to the intercostal muscles

Expiratory center is when deeper expiration is needed that is not involved during normal breathing and impulses are sent to intercostals and abdominal muscles to aid in the expiration

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8
Q

Right side heart failure

A

A result of left sided heart failure where when blood is pumped back into the lungs the right side must work harder to pump blood back into the pulmonary arteries and eventually the right side cannot keep up and fails

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9
Q

Role of cerebral cortex in respiratory

A

Impulses from motor area of the brain to respiratory center can increase/decrease respirations voluntarily but eventually the automaticity of the system will take over when CO2 levels rise in the blood and involuntary breathing is resumed

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10
Q

Diencephalon

A

Contains thalamus/ hypothalamus

Thalamus- nerve bodies serve to sort/relay incoming sensory impulses

Hypothalamus- maintains homeostasis- regulates temp, intake of food/fluids, regulates sleep cycle, regulates libido

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11
Q

Mixed glands

A

Both endocrine and exocrine functions

Ex. Pancreas insulin production (endocrine) and digestive enzymes (exocrine)

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12
Q

Double gland

A

Glands that secrete different and two different functions

Growth hormone

Regulates metabolic process related to growth/adaption to physical/ emotional stressors

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12
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Failure of bone marrow to function causing a loss of stem cells and a decreased number of RBCs, leukocytes, and platelets

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13
Q

PO2

A

The amount of blood diffused into the blood each minute

Depends on the alveolar pressure gradient, functional surface area of the resp. membrane, the respiratory minute volume, and alveolar ventilation

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14
Q

Brainstem

A

Pons: contains afferent (incoming) and efferent (outgoing) fibers

Medulla: vital control to regulate respiratory and cardiovascular function

RAS (reticular activating system): determines degree, arousal, awareness of cerebral cortex (decides what sensory impulses brain ignores/notices)

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15
Q

Sickel cell anemia

A

Altered hemoglobin changes to a sickle cell shape and crystalizes, changing the life span to 20 days from 120. The altered shape causes less oxygen to be carried and a risk of thrombi and necrosis

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16
Q

How BP is controlled

A

An increase causes stimulation of aortic/carotid baroreceptors stimulates cardiac control center to lower HR and more impulses per second go from parasympathetic fibers to slow HR and dilate blood reservoirs

A decrease causes baroreceptors to stimulate causing cardiac control center to increase HR and send more impulses to medulla to stimulate vasoconstriction raising Bp to normal

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movement, maintain posture and equilibrium from taking impulses from visual pathways, vestibular pathways, and proprioceptors in joints and muscles

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18
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

Conscious thought and voluntary motor action

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19
Q

How PCO2 changes affect resp system

A

Medulla has sensors in the nervous system to detect changes in PO2, PCO2, and pH

PCO2 acts on chemoreceptors that are sensitive to CO2 changes in arterial blood and when stimulated from increased PCO2 results in faster breathing and greater volumes of air moving in and out of the lungs. When stimulated for decreased PCO2 it results in inhibition of medulla rhythmicity and slows respirations

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19
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Increases production/ secretion of thyroid hormone

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20
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Premature destruction of RBCs that is inherited of acquired. May not appear as anemia if bone marrow can produce enough RBCs

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21
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulate adrenal gland to secrete cortisol and adrenal proteins that contribute to the maintenance of adrenal gland

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22
Q

Polycythemia

A

Primary: increased production of RBCs in bone marrow for no reason

Secondary: increased RBC secondary to hypoxia (needs more RBCs for o2 carrying capacity)

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23
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

Hearing

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24
Q

P wave

A

precedes QRS, less than 110ms, amplitude <2.5mm

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25
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

In women ovulation and progesterone production

In men regulates spermatogenesis and testosterone production

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25
Q

PR interval

A

normally between 0.12 seconds and 0.20 seconds, shorter= wolff, longer= 1st degree block

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26
Q

QRS complex

A

less than 0.12 sec

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27
Q

TP segment

A

isoelectric line (baseline) that is flat, straight, horizontal that begins at T and ends at P

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27
Q

J point-

A

QRS ends, and ST segment begins

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28
Q

ST segment

A

line between QRS and t wave

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29
Q

T wave

A

asymmetric, less than half the height of QRS and in the same direction, faster downstroke than upstroke

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30
Q

QT interval

A

0.36s- 0.44s

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31
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

Body awareness

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32
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

In women: follicle maturation and estrogen production

In men: spermatogenesis

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33
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Sense pressure changes

Aortic and carotid receptors and aortic and carotid bodies

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34
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

Vision

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35
Q

Prolactin

A

Milk production

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35
Q

First cranial nerve

A

Olfactory- sensory, smell

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36
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Impulses sent via receptors to medulla when excess CO2 or low O2 levels are in the blood

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37
Q

Third cranial nerve

A

Oculomotor- motor, eye movements including eyelids

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38
Q

Second cranial nerve

A

Optic- sensory, vision

39
Q

Fourth cranial nerve

A

Trochlear- motor, eye movements

40
Q

Eighth cranial nerve

A

Vestibulocochlear- sensory, hearing and balance

41
Q

Fifth cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal- sensory/motor, general sensory- eye, nose, face or oral cavity, teeth, speech muscles

41
Q

Sixth cranial nerve

A

Abducens- motor, eye movement

42
Q

Seventh cranial nerve

A

Facial- sensory/motor, taste, muscles of facial expression, scalp muscles

43
Q

Ninth cranial nerve

A

Glossopharyngeal- sensory/motor, taste, gag reflux

44
Q

Tenth cranial nerve

A

Vagus- sensory/motor, external ear, parts of taste, heart and lung smooth muscle, glands of GI system, diaphragm

45
Q

Twelfth cranial nerve

A

Hypoglossal- motor, muscles of the tongue

45
Q

Eleventh cranial nerve

A

Spinal accessory- motor, voluntary muscle of pharynx, head movements

46
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Controls plasma osmolality and increases permeability of distal renal tubules and collecting ducts leading to an increased water reabsorption

47
Q

Conduction system- SA node

A

SA node- 60-100

Atrial cells- 55-60

SA node activity and atrial activation begin

48
Q

Inter cranial pressure (ICP)

A

5-15 mmHg

48
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin dependent with a juvenile onset that’s more severe. Results from destruction of the pancreatic beta cells in an autoimmune reaction resulting in an absolute insulin deficit requiring replacement therapy.

49
Q

Oxytocin

A

Contracts the uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk production

50
Q

Conduction system- AV node

A

40-60

Stimulus reaches the AV node and delays for 100msec, and atrial contraction begins (atrial depolarization)

50
Q

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)

A

70-80 mmHg with no less of 60mmHg

51
Q

Conduction system- bundle of his and bundle branches

A

His- 40-45

Bundle branch- 40-45

Impulse travels down bundle of his and branches to the Purkinje fibers

52
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

70-100 mmHg, <60mmHg can be deadly to organs

53
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Non-insulin dependent diabetes with a mature onset that is based on decreased effectiveness of insulin from decreased beta cell production, increased resistance to insulin and increased production of glucose by the liver

Can be managed by a diet and exercise

54
Q

Types of seizures

A

Generalized- no definable origin where the entire brain is involved

Partial- known focus

55
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Excess insulin that causes a deficit of glucose in the blood usually after vomiting, exercise, skipping a meal after insulin, or medication dosing errors

Lack of gluxose affects nervous system as it requires glucose to function

S&S: signs related to impaired nervous function, signs related to stimulation of nervous system , LOC, seizures, possibly death

55
Q

Conduction system- Purkinje fibers

A

20-40

Impulse is distributed/ relayed through ventricular myocardium completing atrial contraction and starting ventricular contraction

56
Q

Stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.

57
Q

Petit mal

A

Generalized

Absence seizures around kids 4-12 with a lapse of consciousness, no loss of posture or motor activity, isolated clonic activity for a short period then return to normal.

57
Q

DKA

A

Insufficient insulin resulting in high BS that occurs over several days that could be from infection, stress, overindulgence of food/alcohol, or medication errors

S&S: dehydration, low BP, deep/rapid respirations, acetone breath, decreased LOC, imbalances of sodium/potassium/chloride

58
Q

Insulin

A

From beta cells to uptake glucose and allows for storage of glycogen, fats, and proteins and removal of glucose from blood for storage, secreted when blood glucose levels are elevated

Decreases blood sugar levels

58
Q

Grand mal

A

Preceded by an aura with a sudden onset with loss of organized muscle tone

Tonic phase: extensor muscle tone, apnea, tongue biting, incontinence, short duration

Clonic phase: rigidity, convulsions, ANS discharge, hyperventilation, salivation, tachycardia, 1-3 min

Postictal phase: drowsiness, unconsciousness, min to hours, confusion, fatigue, transient neurological deficits

Status epilepticus: prolonged seizure activity that is reoccurring seizures before regained consciousness

59
Q

Simple partial seizures

A

Motor seizures clonic activity to one specific body part and sensory seizures are tingling, numbness, visual, auditory, and taste symptoms

Jacksonian seizure: seizure activity involving a brief alteration in movement, sensation or nerve function

59
Q

Nitroglycerine

A

A vasodilator that works by relaxing the blood vessels to increase the blood supply and oxygen to the heart while reducing the workload (BP also)

60
Q

ASA

A

A platelet aggregating inhibitor (anticlotting) that interferes with the production of clotting factor

61
Q

Complex partial seizure

A

Arise from focal seizures in the temporal lobe (psychomotor) that manifest as changes in behavior and present as abnormal repetitive motor behavior and a period of amnesia with a brief duration

61
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced by alpha cells when body’s blood glucose levels fall to stimulate the liver to change glycogen into sugar

Glycogenesis- conversion of glycogen into glucose from stores in the liver

Glucogenesis- conversion of nutrients into glucose from use of fat and amino acids for energy production

Release causes higher blood sugar level

62
Q

COPD

A

Progressive tissue degeneration and obstruction of the airways causing irreversible damage to the lungs, and debilitating conditions like asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis

63
Q

Asthma

A

Periodic episodes of severe bronchial obstruction that can be acute or chronic and triggered by an inhaled antigen (extrinsic) or respiratory infections, exposure to cold, exercise, drugs, and stress (intrinsic)

64
Q

Somatostatin

A

Produced in delta cells of pancreas, nervous system and GI tract to inhibit the release of other hormones including insulin and glucagon

Release causes higher blood sugar levels

64
Q

Emphysema

A

Destruction of alveolar walls leading to large permanently inflated alveolar spaces that is contributed by factors like genetic deficiency or smoking

65
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting spell positional with lightheadedness with a sudden onset and short duration

Bradycardia with vagal stimulation

66
Q

CVA

A

Sudden alteration in LOC, sensation, and voluntary movement due to an obstruction or rupture of an artery in the brain causing temporary or permanent effects

67
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC)

A

Metabolic derangement in patients with type two diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, absence of ketosis, and glucosuria

Most common cause is infection (pneumonia/UTI) due to a stress response that increases cortisol, epi, norepi (elevated glucose)

Treatment: airway management is top priority

68
Q

Neuropathy

A

Common with diabetics causing impaired sensation, numbness, tingling, weakness, and muscle wasting, and nerve degeneration like bladder incontinence, impotence, diarrhea

68
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Significant changes to bronchi from constant irritation, smoking, or exposure to pollutants with irreversible effects resulting in inflammation and obstruction to bronchi, repeated infections, and chronic coughing

68
Q

TIA

A

Focal cerebral dysfunction that is a temporary reduction in blood flow casing no permanent damage and the patient returns to normal within minutes to hours

S&S: weakness, paralysis, face numbness, and speech disturbances

69
Q

Graves disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

Immune system attacks the thyroid gland and thyroid reacts by producing/secreting thyroid hormone causing an increase in HR, sweating, nervousness, and weight loss

70
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Beta 2 agonist that works on the cells in the lungs and stimulates beta cells to relax smooth muscles in the air ways to treat bronchoconstriction for asthma, COPD, and emphysema

Most common is Ventolin

70
Q

Ischemic strokes

A

Occlusions of an artery from plaque buildup or an embolus causing sudden obstruction

S&s: hemiparesis/hemiplegia, contralateral numbness/ facial drooping, aphasia, confusion/coma, convulsions, incontinence, diplopia, dysarthria, headache, dizziness

70
Q

Croup (Layngotracheobronchitis)

A

Viral infection common between children ages 1-2 that begins as an upper resp condition with nasal congestion and cough. The larynx and subglottic area become inflamed with swelling and exudate causing a braking cough, hoarse voice, and stridor

Treat with cool, moist air

71
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Caused from inflammation of thyroid glands resulting in altered levels of thyroid hormones produced or autoimmune destruction of thyroid, or goiters/ cancer

Mild can be treated with thyroid hormone replacement

S&S: fatigue, weakness, difficulty gaining/ losing weight, dry hair, dry skin, cold intolerance, cramps, constipation, depression

72
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Excessive amount of corticosteroids released (cortisol, hydrocortisone) causing round/puffy faces, heavy trunk, fat at the back of the neck, wasting of muscles of the limbs

72
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Hemorrhage in cranial vault from aneurysms, malformations, hypertension, stress/ exertion, cocaine with a sudden onset accompanied by headache, nausea, vomiting, quick deterioration

73
Q

Long-acting bronchodilators

A

Has long-acting beta 2 agonist and some steroids either in them or used in conjunction to provide control not relief

Most common puffers are Advair and Symbicort

74
Q

Addisons disease

A

Deficit of adrenocortical steroid secretions causing effects like decreased BS levels, poor stress response, fatigue, weight loss, frequent infections, decreased blood volumes/hypotension, hyperkalemia

74
Q

Primary head injury

A

Initial damage from direct injuries that’s a result of a force applied to the head causing tissue and nerve damage

75
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Blocks parasympathetic response as sympathetic increases HR and causes bronchodilation, parasympathetic decreases HR and causes bronchoconstriction

Most common is ipratropium (Atrovent)

75
Q

Secondary head injury

A

Result of hypoxia and decreased perfusion, cerebral edema, infection or hemorrhage causing the brain to respond by swelling, decreasing perfusion, and hypoxia

76
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Reduce bronchial swelling through IV or inhalation with long term negative effects like high BS, decreased immune system, and generalized edema

Most common are dexamethasone, prednisone, hydrocortisone, betamethasone

77
Q

What is ICP

A

The pressure inside the cranium from brain tissue, blood, and CSF

Increased ICP is one of the three components that has a greater volume than normal causing more pressure to build up at the expense of the rest.

Presents as hypoxia, severe headache, projectile vomiting, papilledema, seizures

78
Q

Diuretics

A

Maintain BP and remove fluid from the body and beneficial to patients with pulmonary edema but a negative side effect is the lost potassium

Most common is Lasix (Furosemide)

79
Q

Cushing’s reflex

A

Caused from cerebral ischemia, where to increase blood supply to the brain, the heart will increase systolic pressure to widen pulse pressure, decreasing pulse, and irregular respirations.

80
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

Stimulate beta 2 receptors and assist with bronchodilation given IM

Most common is Epinephrine

81
Q

Shunt

A

Alveoli are perfused with blood normally but ventilation (supply of air) fails to supply the perfused region

Low VQ (0.5)

Very rarely a true shunt because then they are not breathing

82
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

Tachycardic response, pale/cool/clammy skin, diaphoretic, evident blood loss, not associated with paralysis

82
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

Bradycardic response, swink is warm and dry, no significant blood loss, paralysis and loss of spinal reflexes

83
Q

Dead space

A

Alveoli are ventilated but not perfused

High VQ (2.0)

84
Q
A
85
Q
A

EMRG1230 (2 decks)

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