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Issues in Chiropractic Research > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is validity?

A

The best available approximation of the truth or falsity of a given inference, proposition, or conclusion

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2
Q

What is conclusion validity concerning?

A

Relationship between the study and what was reported

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3
Q

What is internal validity concerning?

A

Whether the relationship concluded was causal

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4
Q

When generalizing observational findings to substantiate a hypothesis, what type of validity is needed?

A

Construct validity

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5
Q

When generalizing observational findings to other persons, places, and times, what type of validity is needed?

A

External validity

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6
Q

Name four types of validity

A
  • conclusion
  • internal
  • construct
  • external
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7
Q

What are two major types of sampling methods?

A
  • probability sampling
  • nonprobability sampling
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8
Q

Probability sampling uses what kind of selection?

A

Some form of random selection

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9
Q

Nonprobability sampling uses what kind of selection?

A

Systematic or haphazard, but not random

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10
Q

groups in sampling

Who is the theoretical population?

A

Who is being generalized

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11
Q

groups in sampling

Who is the study population?

A

The population they have access to

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12
Q

groups in sampling

What is the sampling frame?

A

How/when they got patients

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13
Q

generalizing studies

Continuously assessing how the study group generalizes to the theoretical population is an example of what model?

A

Model I: Sampling

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14
Q

generalizing studies

What model examines the gradients of similarity to the times, places, people, and settings of the study?

A

Model II: Proximal Similarity

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15
Q

How does random error affect an average? How does it affect the variability around the average?

A

No effect on average, only increases variability around the average

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16
Q

measurement of error

The true score model includes which factors?

A

Study measurements equal to “true” value plus both random error and systematic error

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17
Q

How does systematic error affect an average? What is this effect called?

A

Changes the average, called bias

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18
Q

If there is likely another cause for patient improvement beyond the intervention, this is a threat to:

A

Internal validity

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19
Q

Name three measures of central tendency

A
  • mean
  • median
  • mode
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20
Q

Name four descriptive statistics for central tendency

A
  • dispersion
  • range
  • variance
  • standard deviation
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21
Q

Dispersion is higher when…

A

scores are more spread out in distribution

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22
Q

What is range?

A

Difference between the largest score in the data and the smallest score

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23
Q

What is variance of a sample?

A

A measure of how data points differ from the mean

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24
Q

When is coefficient of variation useful?

A

Measuring relative dispersion or comparing the spread of two distributions
(i.e., to compare the distribution of two variables with vastly different mean
values)

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25
Q

Describe a normal distribution’s shape

A

Roughly bell-shaped

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26
Q

__% of all scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean
__% within 2 standard deviations
__% within 3 standard deviations

A

68% within 1
95% within 2
99.7% within 3

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27
Q

Larger standard deviation means…

A

more scatter about the mean, worse precision

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28
Q

Smaller standard deviation means…

A

less scatter about the mean, better precision

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29
Q

What is interquartile range?

A

Range in the middle of the data, the difference between the upper and lower quartiles in the data set

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30
Q

A statistical difference is a function of difference between ___ relative to the ___.

A

difference between means relative to the variability

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31
Q

A small difference between means with large variability could be due to…

A

chance

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32
Q

The P in P value stands for…

A

probability

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33
Q

Smaller P values indicate…

A

stronger evidence against the null hypothesis

34
Q

What P value is a scientific benchmark for concluding fairly strong evidence against null hypothesis?

A

<0.05

35
Q

A .95 confidence interval means the hypothesis is rejected at P value…

A

.05

36
Q

A .99 confidence interval means the hypothesis is rejected at P value…

A

.01

37
Q

What is statistical power?

A

The ability of a study to find a significant result (if one really exists)

38
Q

The two measures of association used most often are:

A
  • relative risk/ risk ratio
  • odds ratio
39
Q

measures of association

How is risk ratio expressed?

A

chances of something happening/ chances of all things happening

40
Q

measures of association

How is odds ratio expressed?

A

chances of something happening/ chances of it not happening

41
Q

When is risk ratio used?

A

When comparing outcomes of those exposed and those not exposed

42
Q

When is odds ratio used?

A

In case-control studies or cohort studies

43
Q

What is survival analysis?

A

Analyzes time is takes for an event to occur, such as relapse or death

44
Q

What is regression analysis?

A

Analyzes relationship between variables, such as age and risk

45
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

True positives from those known to have the disease/condition

46
Q

What is specificity?

A

True negatives from those known to not have the disease/condition

47
Q

What is positive predictive value?

A

The proportion of true positives among all positive test results

48
Q

What is negative predictive value?

A

The proportion of true negatives among all negative test results

49
Q

What does the receiver operating curve compare?

A

Sensitivity to specificity

50
Q

If there is likely another cause for patient improvement beyond the intervention, this is a threat to…

A

internal validity

51
Q

What is the risk of having low back pain if 10/25 men typically have it in a year?

A

10/25 = .4

52
Q

What are the three parts of EIP?

A

Research, patient presentation, clinical expertise

53
Q

The possibility that a healthcare outcome is due to something other than the healthcare represents what fallacy?

A

Fallacy of false attribution

54
Q

What is used in inferential statistics to detect a significant difference between two samples?

A

P value

55
Q

If the proposed theoretical biological method of action of intervention does not make physiological sense, this is a threat to…

A

construct validity

56
Q

We can increase generalizability through…

A

varying patient characteristics

57
Q

How do you formulate a searchable question?

A

PICO

58
Q

List study types from highest to lowest level of evidence

A
  • meta-analysis
  • systematic review
  • randomized control trial
  • cohort
  • case-control
  • case series
  • case study
  • animal model
59
Q

What is PRISMA used to evaluate?

A

Meta-analysis quality

60
Q

Name four ways to reduce error in your study

A
  1. triangulation
  2. review
  3. pilot work
  4. training
61
Q

When too many subjects are lost to follow-up or unequal loss of subjects between two groups happens, which type of bias could be present?

A

Transfer bias

62
Q

A more reliable measurement will have a ___ range of data.

A

narrow

63
Q

If you were to compare the distribution of glucose level with height, which descriptor would be best?

A

Coefficient of variation

64
Q

If the odds ratio for men to women for lifetime obesity is 1.2, what does this mean?

A

Men are 1.2 times more likely to have obesity

65
Q

If the heterogeneity is high for a particular meta-analysis, then…

A

the combination of data is not substantiated

66
Q

Reading the table of contents of a few key journals is an example of…

A

keeping current

67
Q

Randomized controlled trials must include…

A

an experimental intervention

68
Q

If laboratory findings are not likely to be applicable to patients in a clinical setting, there is a threat to…

A

external validity

69
Q

If the outcome measures used for a study are on non-validated scales that may have reliability or reproducibility problems, there is a threat to…

A

conclusion validity

70
Q

When there is no blinding to treatment, it may result in…

A

performance bias

71
Q

If you were to compare the distribution of two variables with vastly different mean values, which descriptor would be best?

A

Coefficient of variation

72
Q

P50 in rank percentile is the same as which other term?

A

Median

73
Q

What is used to evaluate systematic review quality?

A

PRISMA

74
Q

Name two factors that the power of a study is influenced by

A

Number of patients, magnitude of effect

75
Q

When historic controls are used as a comparison group for patients undergoing an intervention, it may result in…

A

chronology bias

76
Q

Randomized clinical control trials are always…

A

prospective

77
Q

The difference between probability and non-probability sampling is…

A

probability sampling uses random selection

78
Q

If the proposed theoretical model of cause and effect is not supported, this is a threat to…

A

construct validity

79
Q

After performing thorough literature search, you must…

A

appraise the articles

80
Q

Conclusion validity asks the question:

A

Is there a relationship between the proposed cause and effect?

Issues in Chiropractic Research (2 decks)

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