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Geog 324 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

Single celled photosynthetic
algae that lives in the coral tissue
● Provides coral with low cost
energy
● Plays a role in light-enhanced
calcification of corals allowing for
rapid calcification that must
occur to form reef structures

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2
Q

What is Coral
Bleaching?

A

The photosynthetic algae
zooxanthellae is what gives coral its
deep brown colouring
● Bleaching is the loss of some or all
of this photosynthetic pigment
● White calcium carbonate skeleton
becomes visible

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3
Q

Causes of Coral
Bleaching

A

Environmental stressors:
pollutions
● Extremely high or low water
temperatures
● Low salinity
● Human activities
Solar Irradiance
● Subaerial exposure
● Sedimentation
● Fresh water dilution

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4
Q

Coral Bleaching
Impacts on Marine
Ecosystems

A

Increased predation
- Habitat degradation
- Extinction of vulnerable
species

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5
Q

what happens to fish in coral bleaching

A

Increased fish fights
- Fish are essential prey for
predators.

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6
Q

Coral Reef Economy

A

$1 trillion USD in global
benefits
- Medicinal ingredients
- Shoreline protection
- Tourism ($35.8 billion
USD)
- Fishing (livelihoods/food)
- *environmental value?

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7
Q

short term gain that damages coral

A

blast fishing, coral mining for sand, stone, rubble, aquariums and lime extractions

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8
Q

Long term gain for coral reefs

A

sustainability - Sustainable tourism/planning
- Protected areas/limit access
- Sustainable fishing
- Government regulation
(Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. 2015)

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9
Q

Social importance
of reef systems

A

Culturally significant species
- Indigenous practices
- Careers and livelihoods
- Community

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10
Q

Loss of coral reefs
impacts

A

Loss of work for people who rely on the
reefs for fishing
- Indigenous cultures can no longer
practice traditions related to the reefs
- Groups moving away from coastal areas

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11
Q

How coral
bleaching is being
prevented socially

A

Advisory panels
- Governance actors
- Social network analysis

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12
Q

The Ailan awareness
approach

A

An entirely indigenous lead initiative
towards marine rehabilitation
- Started in 1993 in Papua New Guinea
but has been consistently updated
- Funded by foundations from around
the world
- Now the method has spread across
the world and fosters collaboration
across this issue

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13
Q

Conservation and
Restoration Efforts for
Coral Reefs

A

Creating Marine Protected Areas
(MPAs) and No-Take Zones
Reducing Pollution and Runoff
● Controlling Overfishing

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13
Q

Different types of coral restoration
methods

A

Coral Nurseries:
-Coral Transplantation:
-Artificial Reef Structures:
Coral Gardening:
-Microfragmentation and Fusion:
-Larval Restoration:
-Genetic Considerations:

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14
Q

carbon dioxide over the last 800,000 years

A

increases 100x the regular rate of natural fluctuation GHG such as Methane
(CH4 ) & Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) have
also increased

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15
Q

Average warming

A

1.1 degrees celsius last ten years are the warmest years on record

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16
Q

Extreme weather frequency

A

quadrupled in frequency since 1980

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17
Q

extinction rate

A

1% per year and 69% in animal population size latin America the most at 94%

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18
Q

climate change affect on plants

A

plant metabolism, reduced biomass, plant cell damage affects northern hardwood tree distribution

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19
Q

Effects of Climate Change on Soil

A

Nutrient levels, pH levels, and microbial communities.
- Heavy rainfall or droughts, exacerbate soil
degradation processes.
- Increase in soil erosion between 9 and 56% in the
coming decades (Borrelli et al., 2020)

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20
Q

Animals: Trends in Biodiversity

A

North America: decline of avian species
- Cornell Lab estimates we’ve lost 3 billion wild birds, 29% of the 1970 North American
population (Rosenberg et al., 2019)
- Rising temperatures, acidic oceans, extreme weather to blame

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21
Q

Animals: Species Distribution and Climate Change

A

Climate change causes issues for species’ future viability due to shrinking
and/or fragmenting of already limited ranges
- Especially in biodiversity hotspots, such as the tropics (Raxworthy et al., 2008; Velasquez-
Tibata et al., 2013)
- As of 1998, 25 Canadian animal species physically restricted from
migration (Kerr and Packer, 1998)
- Arctic Ocean restricts any more northward movement
- Pressured by warming temperatures + species migrating from the south
- Example: northern collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus)

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22
Q

animal reactions to migration

A

not all uniform across all species

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23
Q

How will individuals be affected?

A

Changes to genetic composition(Scheffers
et al., 2016)
● New Adaptations
● Changes in morphology (Size, Colour,
wingspan)
● Changes in physiology(Functions,
digestion, disease resistance)
● Hybridization

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24
Q

Challenges in Projecting Future
Biodiversity:

A

Uncertainties and complexities in
predicting biodiversity loss due to
climate change (Bellard et al., 2012).
- Variability in estimates due to factors
such as habitat degradation and
species adaptation

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25
Q

tourist in Hawaii

A

Attract over 7 million tourists in 2005 (Friedlander et al., 2005).
* In recent years the average went up by 48% to 10.48 million visitors.
* Huge Influx of tourists to Hawaii after Covid

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26
Q

peak season for cruise ships in Hawaii

A

September and December

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27
Q

benefits of tourism in Hawaii

A

Economic growth and job opportunities

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28
Q

challlenges to to environmental sustainability

A

overcrowded beaches,
* Increases waste and pollution
* Destruction of natural habitats and
ecosystems
Increases plastic pollution
* Harms marine life and their ecosystem
* Solution: banned single-use plastic
Indirect impacts by tourism-related
developments and pollution
* Direct damage by on-reef activities of
tourists
* Degradation of habitat for marine life
- traffic congestion

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29
Q

solutions to congestionin hawaii

A

Local Government funding of projects to
relieve congestion
BUT
These projects end up being funded by
local taxpayers
And they don’t create permanent solutions!

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30
Q

What percentage of Canada’s oceans does the country aim to conserve by 2025 and 2030?

A

Canada aims to conserve 25% of its oceans by 2025 and 30% by 2030.

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31
Q

By what year does Canada seek to manage key fish and invertebrate stocks sustainably, based on a 2016 baseline?

A

Canada aims to manage key fish and invertebrate stocks sustainably by 2023, from a baseline of 96% in 2016.

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32
Q

How much did Canada allocate in its 2021 Budget towards ocean conservation?

A

Canada allocated $976.8 million in its 2021 Budget towards ocean conservation.

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33
Q

Under what framework does Canada implement science-based fisheries management?

A

Canada implements science-based fisheries management under the Sustainable Fisheries Framework.

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34
Q

What is the total budget for Canada’s Ocean Protection Plan?

A

Canada’s Ocean Protection Plan has a total budget of $1.5 billion.

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35
Q

What specific activities does Canada undertake for ocean monitoring and spatial planning?

A

Canada undertakes ocean monitoring and advancements in marine spatial planning as part of its conservation efforts.

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36
Q

Who does Canada collaborate with for ocean conservation efforts?

A

Canada collaborates with provincial and territorial partners for ocean conservation efforts.

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37
Q

Which stock collapsed leading to significant job losses in Canada’s fishing industry?

A

The collapse of the northern cod stock led to significant job losses in Canada’s fishing industry.

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38
Q

In what year did Canada’s fisheries minister ban cod fishing off the NE coast of Newfoundland?

A

Canada’s fisheries minister banned cod fishing off the NE coast of Newfoundland in 1992.

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39
Q

What were the consequences of the collapse of the northern cod stock in terms of jobs and social impact?

A

The collapse resulted in 40,000 fishermen and fish processors losing jobs, leading to social and economic chaos throughout Atlantic Canada.

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40
Q

What were the primary factors contributing to the collapse of Canada’s Atlantic ground fisheries?

A

The collapse resulted from politicians subsidizing fisheries expansion and setting catch levels exceeding scientific recommendations.

41
Q

Define the Tragedy of the Commons.

A

The Tragedy of the Commons occurs when individuals exploit a shared resource, leading to its depletion.

42
Q

What is necessary for addressing the Tragedy of the Commons and achieving sustainability?

A

Addressing the Tragedy of the Commons requires collective change in human morality, prioritizing group welfare over individual rewards.

43
Q

What long-term implications does prioritizing individual gain over collective well-being have?

A

Prioritizing individual gain over collective well-being leads to unsustainable outcomes in the long term.

44
Q

tourism impact on global gdp

A

9.2, 9.5 trillion

45
Q

Observation - Malaysia tourism

A

crowding, illegal action, policies

46
Q

Observation - Great Barrier Reef tourism

A

coral bleaching, business impact, coral restoration, coral recovery

47
Q

Observation - Nahanni tourism

A

Capacity Controls - No road access, limited permits & campground sites
(Parks Canada, 2019)
● Education - Every visitor attends a presentation by Parks Canada at the
beginning of their trip.
● Restrictive Camping Activities - firebox, leave no trace

48
Q

domestic coal mining benefits

A

Economics and
GDP
$5.2 billion
* Job Creation
* Power Grid
Contributions
* Coal Reserves

49
Q

PLANNED AND
IMPLEMENTED
POLICES (ALBERTA)

A

*Environmental Protection
and Enhancement Act
*Alberta Energy Regulator
* Safe Level Regulation

50
Q

PLANNED AND IMPLEMENTED
POLICES (BRITISH COLUMBIA)

A

Mines Act
* British Columbia
Energy Regulator
* Safe Level

51
Q

Generational mine

A

giving generations of family’s
future opportunities in various departments within
the industry
Named in Canada’s 100 Top Employer

52
Q

INTERNATIONAL VS. DOMESTIC coal mines

A

Majority of coal produced
was exported out to China
and South Korea. Most of it
is used in terms of energy
production for electricity
and heat.
* 72% of our coal imports on
an international scale come
from the U.S., mainly for
steelwork and energy
production

53
Q

POLITICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL COAL
MINING

A

POLITICS
ENVIRONMENT
* South Africa presents little
attempt at sustainability as
they focus their main
concerns on the GDP output
capacity rather than
sustainability practices
(Hassan 2023).
* The overreliance on this
industry for a stable political
future has degraded the
environment over time along
with their infrastructure

54
Q

NEGLECTION IN PAKISTAN

A

On Mar 20th, an explosion in
one of the coal mines in
Islamabad.
* Killed 12 miners and injured 8
others when the mine
collapsed.
* The result is believed to come
from the lack of safety
equipment installed to
protect against gas and
hazards

55
Q

Case Study:
Yellowfin Tuna fishing practices

A

-Tuna are capable of large-scale trans-oceanic
migration, which makes them vulnerable to
both small-scale and large-scale industrial
fishing operations
n 2020, the total global tuna catch is estimated
to reach 4.9 million tons, contributing more
than $40 billion annually to the global economy
Tuna stocks have been declining since the
1950s, largely due to overfishing

56
Q

positive impacts of fishing in the Indian Ocean

A

employment, economic growth, food source, cultural significance

57
Q

negative impacts of fishing in the Indian Ocean

A

competition, food insecurity, vulnerable to uncontrolled factors

58
Q

Fish
Aggregating
Devices

A

FADs exploit natural fish aggregation behaviour to
increase catch rates
Less resilient target species with lower fecundity, such
as yellowfin and bigeye tuna, are particularly vulnerable
to overfishing through this method
Bycatch of non-target species, including smaller tunas,
sharks, and rays is disruptive
Pose an ongoing risk due to their low retrieval rate,
which can result in continued damages even after
operations cease
Approximately 50% of the worldwide tuna catch relies
on FADs

59
Q

Bottom Trawling

A

Non-selective method that uses large nets dragged along the ocean floor
Target species include shrimp, lobster, cephalopods, and several fin fish species that live
close to the ocean floor
One study showed that ~75% of a sample catch was deemed discard, including 174 of 204
the total species caught
Another study saw that the longevity of organisms (with an expected lifespan of >1 year) saw
an approximate 9% decrease in longevity after a single trawling event
The disruption of the seabed sediment, which acts as a carbon sink, is releasing CO2 into the
water column

60
Q

AT RISK POPULATIONS AND
DECREASE IN BIODIVERSITY inn the Indian Ocean

A

Approximately 90% of the threatened and near-
threatened species are most prominently affected by
fishing practices
Includes overexploitation by fisheries, IUU fishing, as
well as habitat destruction and bycatch
Puts strain on current fish stocks, but also the
scaffolding for future populations
One study sampled 4000 species in this region and
found that 12% were threatened or near threatened

61
Q

Illegal, Unreported,
Unregulated Fishing Indian Ocean

A

Between 2016 and 2021 an estimated
48% of all fishing activity in the region was
illegal or unregulated
Hundred of millions of USD each year
estimated to be lost to IUU fishing
Many species are unregulated and thus
unprotected from byfishing or
overfishing

62
Q

T H E I O T C

A

Organization of thirty
countries that ensure
appropriate
management and
conservation of fish

63
Q

S I O F A

A

Agreement that has
ten signatories who
ensure the long-term
sustainability of
fishery resources
(Food & Agriculture Organization, 2020)

64
Q

Type of Rooftop Gardens

A

intensive- elaborate and resource intensive
semi intensive- A combination type incorporating elements of both intensive
and extensive green roof
extensive- lightweight low maintenanced

65
Q

Water Management rooftop garden

A

⅔ of the world’s population
will live in a water scarce area
by 2025
● 70% of freshwater, through
irrigation systems, is used for
the purpose of traditional
agriculture
● Rooftop gardening can help
reduce these stats!

66
Q

Pollution rooftop garden

A

Air quality not only increases
within the city, but also outside
the city
● Reduces specific air pollutants
○ NOx and VOCs
○ “Ground level ozone”
○ Secondary air pollutants
● 86% of Canadians live in areas
with air quality below the WHO
guidelines

67
Q

case study for rooftop garden

A

Basel Switzerland

68
Q

Yellowstone National Park

A

Characterized by vast forests, and rough terrain, as
well as many geothermal features and temperate
climate.
First National Park not only in the United States, but
in the world

69
Q

History and Evolution of Parks Canada

A

1911 - Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act established,
creating the Dominion Parks Branch. First National Park
service in the world!
● 1930 - National Parks Act replaced previous act; more
conservation.
● 2000 - Canada National Parks Act; even more conservation

70
Q

Current State of Banff National Park

A

10 indicators listed as good, 6 as fair, with freshwater
ecosystems being the lone metric to receive a poor
rating

71
Q

International Best Practices: Botswana

A

Best practice: Encourage national tourism policies
that fulfil the ‘triple bottom line’ by requiring
protected area tourist activities to explicitly contribute
to the conservation of nature, generate economic
benefits to both protected area authorities and local
communities, and account for and minimise negative
social impacts.

72
Q

nternational Best Practices:
Grand Canyon National Park (U.S.)

A

Best practice: Employ a combination of visitor
use management tools and techniques that
reinforce and complement each other

73
Q

Economic impacts of climate change

A

africa 4.7% Middle East 3.7%

74
Q

MALARIA IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD

A

In Colombia and Venezuela, malaria cases increased by over a third due to dry conditions associated with El
Niño.
In Sri Lanka, the risk of malaria increased three-fold after monsoon events, before the use of DDT, a
synthetic agricultural pesticide used to control the malarial life cycle.
Southern African countries experience malaria epidemics after unusual rainfall. In addition, warming in the
east African highlands is allowing malaria-causing Anopheles mosquitoes to survive in higher altitudes.

In 1996, India experienced more malaria cases due to higher rainfall during La Niña. In contrast, the same
area saw less rain and fewer malaria cases during El Niño in 1998.
The WHO African Region carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. In 2022, the
Region was home to 94% of malaria cases (233 million) and 95% (580 000) of malaria death

75
Q

REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
RISKS ACROSS EUROPE

A

Social Vulnerability:
Areas in southern and southeast Europe have higher percentages of elderly population
and lower average socioeconomic status

Environmental Hazards:
* Regions with these demographics are more susceptible to high air temperatures and
ground-level ozone pollution .
Geographical Concentration:
* Eastern and southeast Europe are primarily home to these vulnerable regions

76
Q

Denim Production

A

One of the most water
intensive processes in the
textile industry
(Samanta et al., 2017)
● 2 billion pairs of jeans
produced each year
● Estimated that one pair of
requires 2500 gallons of
water to produce

77
Q

Indigo dye

A

s not water soluble
and requires alkali and reducing
agents to make it usable.

78
Q

Microplastic Pollution

A

14 Million
Tonnes of microplastics
have accumulated on the
world’s ocean floor
16-35%
Of microplastics come
from synthetic textiles
200,000-
500,000
Tonnes of microplastics
from synthetic textiles
enter marine environment
each year

79
Q

bioaccumulation

A

Microplastics exponentially
increase along food chain
● Humans are exposed large
amounts of microplastics

80
Q

Carbon Emissions in the Textile Industry

A

Global Impact:
● Accounts for 5-10% of global greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions
Causes:
● Heavy reliance on coal in major production countries
like China, India, and Bangladesh adds to the carbon
footprint
● Complex supply chains
Initiatives:
● The Climate and Resilience Law - EU’s target to achieve
minimum 55% in GHG emissions by 2030

81
Q

Chemical Recycling

A

Stands out as a transformative
method that breaks down textiles at
the molecular level, allowing for the
extraction and reuse of polymers

82
Q

Mechanical recycling

A

Involves physically breaking down
textiles into fibers that can then be
spun into new yarns

83
Q

Circular Economy

A

Focuses on maximizing the lifespan
and value of resources, through
recycling, repairing, and repurposing
garments

84
Q

the Impact of the Fashion Industry on
Human Lives

A

93% of fast fashion brands (H&M, Zara, Dynamite, ETC..)
aren’t paying garment workers a living wage” (Fashion
Checker, 2023)
- 60% of workers in India started before they turned 18
- Rana Plaza building collapse killed 1,138 workers in
April 2013
(Business and Human rights, 2018)
- Working conditions are terrible; As of January 2021,
over 200 low paid workers have perished as a direct
result of the garment and textile industry with over 800
injuries (Clean Clothes (2023))
( Clean Clothes Campaign, N.D)

85
Q

uranium in Canada

A

Canada has the third largest uranium
resource supply of any country
➢ an estimated 10% of uranium is found
within Canada
Canada is the world second largest producer of uranium
➢ produces 13-15% of the uranium mined globally every
year
❖ Canada is home to the single most productive uranium
mine, Cigar Lake, which produced 14% of all uranium
mined globally in 2022

86
Q

what happens to mined uranium

A

milling and packaging, refining, conversion and exporting

87
Q

Uses For Uranium

A

domestic uses - Currently Canada has 19 nuclear power reactors,
located in Ontario (18) and New Brunswick (1)
- Nuclear power supplies 58% of Ontario’s
energy demand
- Nuclear power supplies 39% of New
Brunswick’s energy demand
international uses
Canada exports 85% of its processed uranium to
other countries, including the United States, India,
China, and other countries in Europe and Asia

88
Q

mining methods

A

open pit mining, closet pit mining, in situ leaching

89
Q

Tailings:

A

Tailings are the waste produced
by grinding the ore and the chemical
concentration of uranium into fine sand.

90
Q

Waste Rocks

A

Waste rock is simply the
rock material that is removed from the
mine to gain access to the ore.

91
Q

Uranium Mining and hazards

A

air pollution, water pollution, biodiversity impact

92
Q

The Corporation for uranium

A

Cameco
Corporation
● Impala Canada
Limited
● Orano Canada
Inc
● Centerra Gold Inc
● Other Companies

93
Q

The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plan

A

The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant is located
on the east coast of Japan. The power plant was
operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company
(TEPCO), a private corporation.
● It first started operating in 1971 and has not
been in use since March 2011.
● Before Fukushima stopped operating, Japan
generated 30% of its electricity from the power
plant

94
Q

Tritium

A

a byproduct of nuclear reactors
* extremely mobile in biological
systems
* Harmful at high concentrations

95
Q

Tritiated water

A

The most common form
* Does not bioaccumulate

96
Q

Organically bound

A

Bound to the carbon skeleton
of organic molecules
* Remains in biological matter
There is very limited research on organically-bound
tritium. Here is what we do know:
● Tritiated organic compounds remain in the body
longer than tritiated water
● Muscle tissue absorbed 56% of tritium
accumulated in a Prussian Carp
● OBT concentration in fish tissue was found to be
higher than that in food
This (limited) information indicates the potential for
bioaccumulation.

97
Q

coral reef case study - Belize

A
  • Coastal Zone Act of 2000 promoted holistic coastal policy.
  • Belize’s 2016 ICZMP focused on stakeholder engagement and sustainability.
  • CZMAI led ICZMP design, resulting in oil ban and reef preservation.
98
Q

Sustainable Governance: Core Tenets

A
  • Sustainable governance involves managing shared resources through community-defined protocols and norms.
  • Societal pressures like oil sands and seafood demand make the shift challenging.
  • Polycentric governance, seen in Belize, decentralizes decision-making and involves diverse stakeholders in ocean management.
99
Q

Wenchuan, China

A

accumulated rainfall of up to
65mm, which eventually led to
flooding that caused the death of
12 people and led to 26 people
going missing.

100
Q

Top 5 Threats to Biodiversity

A

climate change, invasive species, pollution, habitat destruction, resource exploitation

101
Q
A

Geog 324 (3 decks)

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