final!!!

Question 1

Nisi Chilag

Answer 1

• the trade between two jewish refugees
• within the letter, the jew writing has travelled a lot and is in a jewish refugee camp
• giving advice to other travellers

Question 2

Ennin

Answer 2

• monk : travelled from japan to china
• part of an embassy that japan sent
• stayed in ch’ing lung ssu and met foreigners
• where he learnt of the attrocities being done to foreigners during the tang dynasty

Question 3

Rabban Sauma

Answer 3

• turkic chinese monk
• on a pilgrimaged from mongol controlled china to jerusalem
• tiesin european crusades and why he travelled towards paris to jerusalem

Question 4

Islam Akhun

Answer 4

• master of forgeries
• from india during the surge of interest in medical manuscripts
• did forgeries so well, he was able to fool most scholas, but auriel stein
• pushed stein to explore the ancient world and in turn, prove these manuscripts were forged

Question 5

Gong Dejin

Answer 5

• khotanese nun in dunhuang document
• existence of a woman group who had secured friendships and financial support for those in said group
• all members were treated equally and can be considered a union in today’s society

Question 6

Chen Yi’an

Answer 6

• li shengduo’s nephew
• was a prominent figure of the forgeries in the early 20th century
• is said to be responsible for most forgeries
• his and li shengduo’s names were misunderstood as the same, causing confusion in the forgery speculations

Question 7

Three Realms Monastery

Answer 7

• smaller monastery near dunhuang caves (mogao caves)
• these monks were responsible for the sealing of cave 17
• visa sambhava was the reasoning for documents being in the cave
• stein disregarded order of said cave, but it was a fault

Question 8

Xuanzong

Answer 8

• 7th century emperor
• Tang Dynasty china
• sponsor of nastorian stele
• was very nice emperor

Question 9

Zhang Huaishen

Answer 9

• nephew of Yichao
• sponsored caves
• army general, dunhuang
• married someone from khotan
• 9th century

Question 10

Bixinsi

Answer 10

• from a manichaean hymn from dunhuang cave
• translates to malice, vihimsa
• a belief of the manichaean church -> chinese influence

Question 11

Marco Polo Bridge

Answer 11

• bridge build in mongol period
• allowed travel and trad across grand canal in china
• named after marco polo who allegedly travelled to china during the mongol, period

Question 12

Visa Sambhava

Answer 12

• king of khotan
• supported the translations of buddhist texts onto khotanese
• khotan was an important center of buddhist learning and culture
• connected to the library cave

Question 13

Vaishravana

Answer 13

• king of khotan was a descendent
• guardian of the north
• legend of vaishravana projected to the legacy of khotan
• connection to india

Question 14

Gomati Monastery

Answer 14

• monastery in khotan
• faxian visited
• noted the silent lifestyle within monastery
• since faxian travelled here, so did xuanzang

Question 15

Shosoin

Answer 15

• treasure of todai-ji temple in japan
• has treasures from since the nara period or 8th century
• artifacts are connected to emperor shomu

Question 16

John of Plano Carpini

Answer 16

• went to find good and bad qualties of mongols
• extremely racist and he documented and reported back to the pope who sent him
• talked about how they were cannibals and their barbaric nature

Question 17

Great Khan

Answer 17

• mongolian title equal that of emperor
• genghis khan was the first, but marco polo meets kublai khan
• seen as the most successful military in world history
• king was called this when marco polo visited beijing

Question 18

Ya qub Beg

Answer 18

• self-established ruler of kashgaria, region occupied by Qing China (Xinjiang)
• highly sought after area for the Great Game
• the invasion of Xinjiang in the late 19th century

Question 19

Khotan

Answer 19

• largest city in south western xinjiang
• important hub for religions
• wealthy city with people interested in learning and culture
• facilitated many documents and the learning of culture

Question 19

Rawak stupa

Answer 19

• buddhist stupa in Khotan
• stein visited this area
• was explored by stein in early 20th century

Question 20

Shi Wirkak

Answer 20

• tomb in chang’an
• shows how he was an immigrant and ajusted to the chinese culture
• sogdian tomb in chinese style
• he was very virtuous

Question 21

Aluoben

Answer 21

• first christian to arrive in chang’an
• established earliest church of the east that had lots of iranians and sogdians
• depicted in the nastorian stele that depicts history of the church

Question 22

Wang Daoshi

Answer 22

• also known as abbot wang
• taoist priest at mogao caves
• he was the one who sold documents to stein and pelliot in 1907 (ish)

Question 23

Siddhabhadra

Answer 23

• in the book of zambasta in khotan
• warns men of the trickery of women
• shows the religious bias towards men and the place of women in society
• he is the main character

Question 24

Li Shengduo

Answer 24

• chinese scholar who may have forged document from dunhuang
• addresses the importance of authenticating MSS
• rong xinziang believe li did not forge them himself due to seal

Question 25

Kojima Yasushi

Answer 25

• the japanese collector who had most of nastorian forged(?) documents
• the collection of whom Toru studied
• bought from china from yi’an

Question 26

Haneda Toru

Answer 26

• professor at kyoto university
• studied MS sold to japan
• MS are in private collection and have not been seen by anyone else
• main guy who said these documents were forged
• suspected li shengdo, but it was most likely yi’an

Question 27

Chi’ing-lung-ssu

Answer 27

• green dragon temple ennin monk stayed at when in china
• met lots of foreigners in china
• first written document about china from a foreigner
• moon and diamond
• wher ennin wrote of the hatred foreigners recieved in china
• 9th century

Question 28

Chuan fabao ji (book/document)

Answer 28

• rong xinjiang’s general study of dunhuang
• chan’s work
• clear transmission of teachings form patriarch to patriarch

Question 29

Horseback Divination of Confucius (book/document)

Answer 29

• diviniation manual associated with Confucius found in dunhuang
• works on divining for specific occasions
• tests on illness, marriage, death, plus others are included (little things in life)
• divination was important for people’s lives, superstitions
• confucius linked to this - because he wasn’t known for this believe