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final Flashcards

1
Q

definition of mutation

A

hereditary/permanent changes in the DNA sequence

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2
Q

list at three types of mutations

A

point mutation
deletion
insertion

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3
Q

classification of mutations according to whether they are found in germ cells or somatic cells?

A

Somatic mutations
- Non-germline tissues
- Non heritable
- Accumulate over a lifetime
- Occurrence of tumors in older animals

Germline mutations
- Present in egg/sperm
- Heritable
- Cause familial tumor syndrome
- Tumors can appear at younger age
- Appearance of bilateral tumors in paired organs
- Appearance of multiple tumors in odd organs
- Family history of tumors

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4
Q

what is aneuploidy; give one example?

A

Change in the number of chromosomes (abnormal number)
- Caused by errors in chromosome segregation (abnormal cytokinesis, centrosome
amplification)
- Examples: Monosomy (1 copy of chromosome), Trisomy (3 copies)

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5
Q

what characterised the “familial tumour syndrome”

A

appearance of tumour at young age

bilateral tumoirs in paired organs

multiple tumours in odd organs

family history of tumour occurrence

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6
Q

what pathological changes characterise hereditary multofcal renal cystuadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis of German shepards

A

bilateral and multifocal kidney tumours

uterine leiomyomas

dermatofibrosis

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7
Q

explain the term epigenetic change

A

Epigenetic changes are reversible, heritable changes in gene expression in somatic cells without changes in the DNA sequence

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8
Q

types of epigenetic changes

A

DNA methylation and histone modifications

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9
Q

According to the new guidelines, it is advisable to histologically distinguish between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated carcinomas of the circumvallate gland, and the crucial parameter in their differentiation is:

A

frequency of mitoses, primarily atypical mitoses

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10
Q

most common tumour of circumanal gland is

A

adenoma of the circumanal gland

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11
Q

morphological characteristics of Sertoli cell tumours don’t include

A

they are usually softer than seminaomas and let dig cell tumours

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12
Q

types of mutations

A

point, deletion, insertion

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13
Q

most important histological characteristic of epithelium of circumanal gland is

A

predominantly made up of reseerve

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14
Q

one of the above statement isn’t valid for immunohistochemsitry

A

method is used exnlucsivley to help diagnose neoplasi

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15
Q

Proteins that transmit signals are most often located:

A

On the underside of the membrane

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16
Q

Morphologically, the following does not apply to Leydig cell tumors of the testicles:

A

As a rule, they cause the testicles to enlarge

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17
Q

The characteristics of “familial tumor syndrome” are:

A

All of the above (occurrence of tumors at young age + occurrence of bilateral tumors in
paired organs + family history of tumor occurrence)

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18
Q

The molecular basis of tumor diseases consists of:

A

Non-lethal genetic change or mutation and clonal expansion of a single genetically
engineered precursor cell

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19
Q

the term Ki-67 means

A

nuclear protein that participates in cell proliferation

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20
Q

tumours of leydig cells produce

A

higher amount of androgenic hormones

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21
Q

throw out intruders (which is not correct) ways of metastasising are

A

aerosol

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22
Q

morphologicaly, the following applies to seminonas

A

on cross-section, they have a homogenous whitish structure

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23
Q

P53

A

tumour suppressor gene

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24
Q

function of circumanal gland is

A

not been proven to date

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25
Q

degree of malignancy of mastocytoma is

A

2 stage and 3 stage

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26
Q

oncoproteins are

A

oncogene products

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27
Q

another name for circumanal gland is

A

hepatoid glandr

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28
Q

proto-oncogenes are

A

normla cellular genes that regulate cell growth and proliferation

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29
Q

what are mutations

A

Mutations are hereditary changes or damage in the DNA sequence

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30
Q

evidence of testicular tumour malignancy is

A

finding of metastasis

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31
Q

malignant tumours of mammary gland of bitches and cats primarily metastasise in

A

all of the above (regional lymph nodes + lungs + pleura)

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32
Q

the Breed most affected by mastocytoma

A

boxer

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33
Q

this statement doesn’t apply to tumour cells

A

they cannot survive in blood vesselsa

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34
Q

among the most common testicular tumours of dogs are

A

sertoli cells

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35
Q

what is aneuploidy

A

change in number of chromosomes

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36
Q

what criteria are taken into account when determining histological degree of mammary gland cancer malignancy

A

ability to form tubules, hyperchromasia, and mitosis, different size and shape of nucleus

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37
Q

clinical picture of Sertoli cell tumours doesn’t include

A

prostate cancer

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38
Q

the most important type of tumour regulars genes don’t include

A

histones

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39
Q

eliminate th incorrect statement: primary liver tumours are

A

tumour of the heptoid gland

40
Q

eliminate the incorrect statement: known hepatocarcinogenes in animals are:

A

asbestos

41
Q

the statement is not valid for hepatocellular carcinoma

A

it never protrudes above the capsulew

42
Q

which of the following statements about hepatocellular adenoma is correct

A

it’s usually solitary

43
Q

most common primary tumour in the cat’s liver is

A

cholangiocellular adenoma

44
Q

which statement isn’t valid for cholangiocellular adenoma

A

tumour cells are extremely anaplastic

45
Q

for cholangiocellular carcinoma, the following statement is incorrect

A

it very rarely metastasises

46
Q

liver carcinoid is

A

tumour of neuroendocrine cells

47
Q

which statement is not valid for carcinoid of the liver

A

benign neoplasm

48
Q

exlucde the incorrect statement for hepatocellular nodular hyperplasia

A

common in younger dogs

49
Q

statement doesn’t apply to hemangiosarcoma of the liver

A

it differs in appearance from that of other organs

50
Q

throw out intruders: proliferative lesions in the liver are:

A

steatosis

51
Q

Which statement is not valid for hepatocellular nodular hyperplasia?

A

nodules are encapsulates

52
Q

Which is the wrong statement for a regenerative nodule in the liver?

A

fibrosis is extremely rare in the regenerative nodule

53
Q

During the dvpt of which tumor, androgenic stimulation has been proven?

A

adenoma of the circumanal gland

54
Q

telomerase is found in

A

germ cells

55
Q

According to biological behavior, testicular tumors (poor testicules) are predominantly:

A

benign

56
Q

The most important features of malignant alteration do not include:

A

sensitivity to growth inhibitors

57
Q

The clinical picture of Sertoli cell tumors does not include:

A

polycythemia

58
Q

when do mutations occurs

A

Mutations occur during DNA replication when an unrepaired or incorrectly repaired DNA damage is used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand

59
Q

Mastocytoma is the most common tumor in dogs:

A

skin

60
Q

circumanal glands are the most similar macroscopically

A

sebaceous glands

61
Q

in short, we can say that cadherins are

A

calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins involved in cell adhesion

62
Q

histologically, the following statement is not true for seminoma

A

mitoses are extremely rare

63
Q

. Histologically, the following does not apply to testicular Leydig cell tumors:

A

the cytoplasm often contains pigmented melanin granules

64
Q

average age of animals with mastocytoma

A

5-10 years

65
Q

change of epithelial cells that doesn’t occur in

A

migration of monocytes from the blood stream to the tissue

66
Q

circle the correct statement: tumour without blood vessesl

A

can grow up to 2mm

67
Q

among the most common testicualr tumours of dogs are:

A

leydig cell tumours

68
Q

in leydig cell tumours

A

rarely occurs feminisation syndrome and hyperestrogenism

69
Q

prevalence of tumours is

A

number of all cases in a given period including new and existing cases

70
Q

higher incidence of tumours of the circumanal glands of dogs was recorded in

A

artic breeds

71
Q

the incorrect statement related to epithelium’s of circumanal gland is

A

they have tendency to spread towards the surface of the skin

72
Q

among the most common testicular tumours of dogs are

A

seminomas

73
Q

Hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis of German Shepherds is characterized by:

A

Bilateral and multifocal kidney tumors (cystadenocarcinoma), uterine leiomyomas and dermatofibrosis (fibrous nodule in the skin)

74
Q

circle the wrong statement: proteases important in tumour metastasis are

A

amylase

75
Q

circle the correct statement ; the only sure sign of malignancy is

A

metastasis

76
Q

what are microRNAs?

A

Small, non-coding RNA molecules, about 22 nucleotides long, which post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of other genes

77
Q

example of epigenetic changes are

A

DNA methylation and histone modification

78
Q

Histological seminomas have the following characteristics:

A

classified into intratubular and diffuse

79
Q

tumours of leydig cells are clinically unrelated to

A

kidney tumours

80
Q

exclude the incorrect answer: the stroma of a tumour can consist of

A

tumour cells

81
Q

The types of sarcoma that can primarily arise in the mammary gland are:

A

osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma

82
Q

Morphologically, the following applies to Leydig cell tumors of the testicle:

A

they often have areas of bleeding and cysts

83
Q

mast cell granules are

A

metachromatic

84
Q

epigenetic changes are

A

Epigenetic changes are reversible, heritable changes in gene expression in somatic cells without changes in DNA sequence

85
Q

most important tumour stimulation. by growth factors are

A

autocrine

86
Q

within the circumanal glands are recognisable

A

polygonal and basaloid cells

87
Q

what are vimentins

A

Fibrillar proteins that build the cytoskeleton primarily of mesenchymal cells

88
Q

clastogen is?

A

A substance that causes chromosome breakage or the loss or rearrangement of a part of DNA

89
Q

following statement applies to semimona

A

they are most often the right testicle

90
Q

clinical picture of Sertoli cell tumours doesn’t include

A

masculinisation

91
Q

antiapoptotic proteins are

A

BCL2

92
Q

variable risk factors for tumour formation don’t include

A

sex/gender

93
Q

circle the incorrect answer: proangiogenic factors are:

A

angiostatin

94
Q

clinical symptom that doesn’t occur in testicular tumours is

A

thyroid enlargement

95
Q

morphological characteristics of Sertoli cell tumours don’t include

A

Their cytoplasm is often vacuolated due to glycogen

tumour (1 decks)

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