final

Question 1

definition of mutation

Answer 1

hereditary/permanent changes in the DNA sequence

Question 2

list at three types of mutations

Answer 2

point mutation
deletion
insertion

Question 3

classification of mutations according to whether they are found in germ cells or somatic cells?

Answer 3

Somatic mutations
- Non-germline tissues
- Non heritable
- Accumulate over a lifetime
- Occurrence of tumors in older animals

Germline mutations
- Present in egg/sperm
- Heritable
- Cause familial tumor syndrome
- Tumors can appear at younger age
- Appearance of bilateral tumors in paired organs
- Appearance of multiple tumors in odd organs
- Family history of tumors

Question 4

what is aneuploidy; give one example?

Answer 4

Change in the number of chromosomes (abnormal number)
- Caused by errors in chromosome segregation (abnormal cytokinesis, centrosome
amplification)
- Examples: Monosomy (1 copy of chromosome), Trisomy (3 copies)

Question 5

what characterised the “familial tumour syndrome”

Answer 5

appearance of tumour at young age

bilateral tumoirs in paired organs

multiple tumours in odd organs

family history of tumour occurrence

Question 6

what pathological changes characterise hereditary multofcal renal cystuadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis of German shepards

Answer 6

bilateral and multifocal kidney tumours

uterine leiomyomas

dermatofibrosis

Question 7

explain the term epigenetic change

Answer 7

Epigenetic changes are reversible, heritable changes in gene expression in somatic cells without changes in the DNA sequence

Question 8

types of epigenetic changes

Answer 8

DNA methylation and histone modifications

Question 9

According to the new guidelines, it is advisable to histologically distinguish between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated carcinomas of the circumvallate gland, and the crucial parameter in their differentiation is:

Answer 9

frequency of mitoses, primarily atypical mitoses

Question 10

most common tumour of circumanal gland is

Answer 10

adenoma of the circumanal gland

Question 11

morphological characteristics of Sertoli cell tumours don’t include

Answer 11

they are usually softer than seminaomas and let dig cell tumours

Question 12

types of mutations

Answer 12

point, deletion, insertion

Question 13

most important histological characteristic of epithelium of circumanal gland is

Answer 13

predominantly made up of reseerve

Question 14

one of the above statement isn’t valid for immunohistochemsitry

Answer 14

method is used exnlucsivley to help diagnose neoplasi

Question 15

Proteins that transmit signals are most often located:

Answer 15

On the underside of the membrane

Question 16

Morphologically, the following does not apply to Leydig cell tumors of the testicles:

Answer 16

As a rule, they cause the testicles to enlarge

Question 17

The characteristics of “familial tumor syndrome” are:

Answer 17

All of the above (occurrence of tumors at young age + occurrence of bilateral tumors in
paired organs + family history of tumor occurrence)

Question 18

The molecular basis of tumor diseases consists of:

Answer 18

Non-lethal genetic change or mutation and clonal expansion of a single genetically
engineered precursor cell

Question 19

the term Ki-67 means

Answer 19

nuclear protein that participates in cell proliferation

Question 20

tumours of leydig cells produce

Answer 20

higher amount of androgenic hormones

Question 21

throw out intruders (which is not correct) ways of metastasising are

Answer 21

aerosol

Question 22

morphologicaly, the following applies to seminonas

Answer 22

on cross-section, they have a homogenous whitish structure

Question 23

P53

Answer 23

tumour suppressor gene

Question 24

function of circumanal gland is

Answer 24

not been proven to date

Question 25

degree of malignancy of mastocytoma is

Answer 25

2 stage and 3 stage

Question 26

oncoproteins are

Answer 26

oncogene products

Question 27

another name for circumanal gland is

Answer 27

hepatoid glandr

Question 28

proto-oncogenes are

Answer 28

normla cellular genes that regulate cell growth and proliferation

Question 29

what are mutations

Answer 29

Mutations are hereditary changes or damage in the DNA sequence

Question 30

evidence of testicular tumour malignancy is

Answer 30

finding of metastasis

Question 31

malignant tumours of mammary gland of bitches and cats primarily metastasise in

Answer 31

all of the above (regional lymph nodes + lungs + pleura)

Question 32

the Breed most affected by mastocytoma

Answer 32

boxer

Question 33

this statement doesn't apply to tumour cells

Answer 33

they cannot survive in blood vesselsa

Question 34

among the most common testicular tumours of dogs are

Answer 34

sertoli cells

Question 35

what is aneuploidy

Answer 35

change in number of chromosomes

Question 36

what criteria are taken into account when determining histological degree of mammary gland cancer malignancy

Answer 36

ability to form tubules, hyperchromasia, and mitosis, different size and shape of nucleus

Question 37

clinical picture of Sertoli cell tumours doesn't include

Answer 37

prostate cancer

Question 38

the most important type of tumour regulars genes don't include

Answer 38

histones

Question 39

eliminate th incorrect statement: primary liver tumours are

Answer 39

tumour of the heptoid gland

Question 40

eliminate the incorrect statement: known hepatocarcinogenes in animals are:

Answer 40

asbestos

Question 41

the statement is not valid for hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer 41

it never protrudes above the capsulew

Question 42

which of the following statements about hepatocellular adenoma is correct

Answer 42

it's usually solitary

Question 43

most common primary tumour in the cat's liver is

Answer 43

cholangiocellular adenoma

Question 44

which statement isn't valid for cholangiocellular adenoma

Answer 44

tumour cells are extremely anaplastic

Question 45

for cholangiocellular carcinoma, the following statement is incorrect

Answer 45

it very rarely metastasises

Question 46

liver carcinoid is

Answer 46

tumour of neuroendocrine cells

Question 47

which statement is not valid for carcinoid of the liver

Answer 47

benign neoplasm

Question 48

exlucde the incorrect statement for hepatocellular nodular hyperplasia

Answer 48

common in younger dogs

Question 49

statement doesn't apply to hemangiosarcoma of the liver

Answer 49

it differs in appearance from that of other organs

Question 50

throw out intruders: proliferative lesions in the liver are:

Answer 50

steatosis

Question 51

Which statement is not valid for hepatocellular nodular hyperplasia?

Answer 51

nodules are encapsulates

Question 52

Which is the wrong statement for a regenerative nodule in the liver?

Answer 52

fibrosis is extremely rare in the regenerative nodule

Question 53

During the dvpt of which tumor, androgenic stimulation has been proven?

Answer 53

adenoma of the circumanal gland

Question 54

telomerase is found in

Answer 54

germ cells

Question 55

According to biological behavior, testicular tumors (poor testicules) are predominantly:

Answer 55

benign

Question 56

The most important features of malignant alteration do not include:

Answer 56

sensitivity to growth inhibitors

Question 57

The clinical picture of Sertoli cell tumors does not include:

Answer 57

polycythemia

Question 58

when do mutations occurs

Answer 58

Mutations occur during DNA replication when an unrepaired or incorrectly repaired DNA damage is used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand

Question 59

Mastocytoma is the most common tumor in dogs:

Answer 59

skin

Question 60

circumanal glands are the most similar macroscopically

Answer 60

sebaceous glands

Question 61

in short, we can say that cadherins are

Answer 61

calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins involved in cell adhesion

Question 62

histologically, the following statement is not true for seminoma

Answer 62

mitoses are extremely rare

Question 63

. Histologically, the following does not apply to testicular Leydig cell tumors:

Answer 63

the cytoplasm often contains pigmented melanin granules

Question 64

average age of animals with mastocytoma

Answer 64

5-10 years

Question 65

change of epithelial cells that doesn't occur in

Answer 65

migration of monocytes from the blood stream to the tissue

Question 66

circle the correct statement: tumour without blood vessesl

Answer 66

can grow up to 2mm

Question 67

among the most common testicualr tumours of dogs are:

Answer 67

leydig cell tumours

Question 68

in leydig cell tumours

Answer 68

rarely occurs feminisation syndrome and hyperestrogenism

Question 69

prevalence of tumours is

Answer 69

number of all cases in a given period including new and existing cases

Question 70

higher incidence of tumours of the circumanal glands of dogs was recorded in

Answer 70

artic breeds

Question 71

the incorrect statement related to epithelium's of circumanal gland is

Answer 71

they have tendency to spread towards the surface of the skin

Question 72

among the most common testicular tumours of dogs are

Answer 72

seminomas

Question 73

Hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis of German Shepherds is characterized by:

Answer 73

Bilateral and multifocal kidney tumors (cystadenocarcinoma), uterine leiomyomas and dermatofibrosis (fibrous nodule in the skin)

Question 74

circle the wrong statement: proteases important in tumour metastasis are

Answer 74

amylase

Question 75

circle the correct statement ; the only sure sign of malignancy is

Answer 75

metastasis

Question 76

what are microRNAs?

Answer 76

Small, non-coding RNA molecules, about 22 nucleotides long, which post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of other genes

Question 77

example of epigenetic changes are

Answer 77

DNA methylation and histone modification

Question 78

Histological seminomas have the following characteristics:

Answer 78

classified into intratubular and diffuse

Question 79

tumours of leydig cells are clinically unrelated to

Answer 79

kidney tumours

Question 80

exclude the incorrect answer: the stroma of a tumour can consist of

Answer 80

tumour cells

Question 81

The types of sarcoma that can primarily arise in the mammary gland are:

Answer 81

osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma

Question 82

Morphologically, the following applies to Leydig cell tumors of the testicle:

Answer 82

they often have areas of bleeding and cysts

Question 83

mast cell granules are

Answer 83

metachromatic

Question 84

epigenetic changes are

Answer 84

Epigenetic changes are reversible, heritable changes in gene expression in somatic cells without changes in DNA sequence

Question 85

most important tumour stimulation. by growth factors are

Answer 85

autocrine

Question 86

within the circumanal glands are recognisable

Answer 86

polygonal and basaloid cells

Question 87

what are vimentins

Answer 87

Fibrillar proteins that build the cytoskeleton primarily of mesenchymal cells

Question 88

clastogen is?

Answer 88

A substance that causes chromosome breakage or the loss or rearrangement of a part of DNA

Question 89

following statement applies to semimona

Answer 89

they are most often the right testicle

Question 90

clinical picture of Sertoli cell tumours doesn't include

Answer 90

masculinisation

Question 91

antiapoptotic proteins are

Answer 91

BCL2

Question 92

variable risk factors for tumour formation don't include

Answer 92

sex/gender

Question 93

circle the incorrect answer: proangiogenic factors are:

Answer 93

angiostatin

Question 94

clinical symptom that doesn't occur in testicular tumours is

Answer 94

thyroid enlargement

Question 95

morphological characteristics of Sertoli cell tumours don't include

Answer 95

Their cytoplasm is often vacuolated due to glycogen