Final

Question 1

Madison, Federalist Papers

Answer 1

Purpose of papers is to convince new yorkers to ratify constitution
Tries to overcome argument that democracy can only work in a very small setting
Argues that a bigger country could be better
Federalist 10 addresses issue of factionalism
Says factions are inevitable
But you can control the effects of factions, the way to do that is by a large and diverse society
This will cause lots of little factions that would be acting in their interests but this means it is unlikely that there will be a majority faction
** Passage id more likely to be from here
Federalist 57
Addresses the worry of congressional districts being too large.
Microcosm argument (district represents the nation)

Question 2

All authors and texts

Answer 2

Madison, Federalist Papers (10 & 57)

John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government

Harriet Taylor Mill, Enfranchisement of Women

Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Compromise Speech

Du Bois, Darkwater

Dewey, The Public and its Problems

Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society

Combahee River Collective Statement,

Question 3

John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government

Answer 3

Utilitarian: greatest good for the greatest number.
Plural voting for the most prepared.
Argues against conventional wisdom that democratic representation is necessary evil, second best, that good despot would be the ideal.
Instead he says representative government is the ideal form
Government is good as it develops our faculties, it prevents suffering, creates happiness and flourishing

Question 4

Harriet Taylor Mill, Enfranchisement of Women

Answer 4

Default should be equality, there must be a reason to exclude someone
Law says one should be judged by their peers in trial yet women are judged exclusively by men.
Single working women still pay taxes
Women know what is in their best interest -one only knows that about themselves.
Need to vote to get out of subserviency

Question 5

Booker T Washington, Atlanta compromise speech

Answer 5

Most black men aren’t at a stage of development so they shouldn’t yet fully integrate
However they do have farming knowledge, through time and generations they will generate the capacities to fully participate politically
Kind of a truce with southern whites

Question 6

DuBois, Darkwater

Answer 6

pragmatist
Response to arguments like those of booker t. Washington. Wants to fully integrate.
You need to know stuff to rule well, which means knowing about the experiences of the people you’re ruling over.
By excluding community from process, job wouldn’t be done well
Worried about permanent minorities ← some anxieties about majoritarian democracy
Stark division in society that will never be abridged means debates and deliberation won’t work
Technique to address: coalitions with minority groups

Question 7

Dewey, Public and Its Problems

Answer 7

Faith in majoritarian democracy
Quite similar to dubois but less worried about permanent majorities
“Shoe pinches”
Quotes “ballots as bullets”
Music made good by effect on listeners or by judgment of experts?

Question 8

Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society

Answer 8

Not specifically talking about politics directly, but economics.
When organizing human productive activity goal is: least effort, most people can consume
Not possible to plan it out (central planner)
For one, you don’t have access to utility consumption brings to each person
Only each person knows how much utility it brings them
Pain to produce (effort)
Water vs diamonds
Essential yet cheap, vs luxury and nonessential

Latent, or tacit, knowledge

Question 9

Combahee River Collective Statement

Answer 9

Intersectionality
Marginalization compounds
Again, they know best what it means to be oppressed
There is a specific kind of knowledge that comes from being oppressed in several different ways simultaneously →some sort of expertise

Question 10

“Practically every individual has some advantage over all others because he possesses unique
information of which beneficial use might be made, but of which use can be made only if the
decisions depending on it are left to him or made with his active cooperation.”

Answer 10

Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society

Question 11

“All that the users of tin need to know is that some of the tin they used to consume is now more
profitably employed elsewhere and that, in consequence, they must economize tin.”

Answer 11

Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society

Question 12

“Individuals of the submerged mass may not be very wise. But there is one
thing they are wiser about than anybody else can be and that is where the shoe
pinches, the troubles they suffer from.”

Answer 12

Dewey, public and its problems

Question 13

“It is impossible for high-brows to secure a monopoly of such knowledge”

Answer 13

Dewey, Public and its problems

Question 14

“The price system is just one of those formations which man has learned to use
… after he had stumbled upon it without understanding it. Through it not only
a division of labor but also a coordinated utilization of resources based on an
equally divided knowledge has become possible.”

Answer 14

Hayek, the use of knowledge in society

Question 15

Rule in the interest of the “greatest good of all,” but thwarted by “ignorance and
selfishness,” by the One or the Few or the Many (Rich, Privileged, Powerful).

Answer 15

DuBois, darkwater

Question 16

“’No civilized state should have citizens too ignorant to participate in government. …
Education is not a prerequisite to political control – political control is the cause of popular
education.”

Answer 16

DuBois, darkwater

Question 17

“old cry of privilege, the old assumption that there are those in the
world who know better what is for others than those others know themselves, and who
can be trusted to do this best.”

Answer 17

DuBois, darkwater

Question 18

“No one knows himself but that self’s own soul.”

Answer 18

dubois, darkwater

Question 19

“In the last analysis, only the sufferer knows his suffering” … “The rulers did not know or understand
the needs and could not find out, for … only the man himself knows his own condition… he may not
know how to remedy it, but he knows when something hurts and he alone knows how that hurt feels.”

Answer 19

dubois, darkwater

Question 20

“With the best will and knowledge, no man can know women’s wants as well as women themselves.”

Answer 20

dubois, darkwater

Question 21

“ignorance and
helplessness”

Answer 21

dubois, darkwater

Question 22

“rests in the hands and brains of the workers and managers, and the judges of
the result are the public.”

Answer 22

dubois, darkwater

Question 23

“The real argument for democracy that in the people we have the source of that endless life and
unbounded wisdom which the rulers of men must have”

Answer 23

dubois, darkwater

Question 24

”Black men in the South would have to be treated with consideration,
have their wishes respect and their manhood rights recognized”

Answer 24

dubois, darkwater

Question 25

“Democracy is a method of realizing the broadest measure of justice to all human beings.”

Answer 25

dubois, darkwater

Question 26

“A given people today may not be intelligent … may accumulate vast stores of wisdom”

Answer 26

dubois, darkwater

Question 27

exclusions for the “ignorant and their children” and the “influx of inexperienced voters” –
“temporary if justice is to prevail.”

Answer 27

dubois, darkwater

Question 28

Citizens hold the “vast mine” of knowledge to build a just government, and to “select their rulers
and judge the justice of their acts”

Answer 28

dubois, darkwater

Question 29

“Government by temporary coalition of small and diverse groups may easily
become the most efficient method of expressing the will of man and setting the
human soul free.”

Answer 29

dubois, darkwater

Question 30

“Does the consent of a majority adequately express the consent of all?”

Answer 30

dubois, darkwater

Question 31

“Industry, they
maintain, is a matter of technical knowledge and ability and … the eternal
heritage of the few. … Unless men rule industry, can they ever hope really to
make laws or educate children or create beauty?”

Answer 31

dubois, darkwater

Question 32

“The man who wears the shoe knows best that it pinches and where it pinches, even if the expert
shoemaker is the best judge of how the trouble is to be remedied.”

Answer 32

dewey, public and its problems

Question 33

“conditions as they are is the only solid ground for communication and sharing”

Answer 33

dewey, public and its problems

Question 34

never “merely majority rule” but deliberation

Answer 34

dewey, the public and its problems

Question 35

“It has a chance and next time it may succeed in becoming a majority”

Answer 35

dewey, public and its problems

Question 36

“In all things the presumption ought to be on the side of equality.”

Answer 36

Harriet Taylor Mill, Enfranchisement of women

Question 37

The “essential need” as the “improvement of the methods and conditions of debate, discussion,
and persuasion. That is the problem of the public.”

Answer 37

dewey, public and its problems

Question 38

But when that
which it forbidden – “interdicted – includes what they most prize, a flagrant
injustice, and “most insulting.”

Answer 38

Harriet Taylor Mill, Enfranchisement of women

Question 39

Claim: Not the proper sphere for women (186). “We deny the right of any portion
of the species to decide for another … what is and is not their ‘proper sphere.’”

Answer 39

Harriet Taylor Mill, Enfranchisement of women

Question 40

Is it “right and expedient that one-half of the human race should pass through life in a state
of forced subordination to the other half … it is but kindness to educate them for this; to
make them believe that the greatest good fortune which can befall them”

Answer 40

Harriet Taylor Mill, Enfranchisement of women

Question 41

“Why each woman should be … allowed no interests of her own … the only reason which can
be given is, that men like it.” …Power makes itself the center of moral obligation, and that a man
likes to have his own will, but does not like that his domestic companion should have a will
different from his.”

Answer 41

Harriet Taylor Mill, Enfranchisement of women

Question 42

“Habits of submission make men as well as women servile-minded. The
vast population of Asia do not desire or value, probably would not
accept political liberty”

Answer 42

Harriet Taylor Mill, Enfranchisement of women

Question 43

The objector: “There is no complaint.” Their position is “like those of
the tenants or labourers who vote against their own political interests
to please their landlords or employers.”

Answer 43

Harriet Taylor Mill, Enfranchisement of women

Question 44

“Ignorant and inexperienced, it is not strange that in the first years of our new
life we began at the top instead of at the bottom”

Answer 44

Booker T Washington, Atlanta compromise

Question 45

“Cast down your bucket where you are.”

Answer 45

Booker T Washington, Atlanta compromise

Question 46

”Interlacing our industrial, commercial, civil, and religious life with yours in a way that
shall make the interests of both races one. In all things that are purely social we can be as
separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”

Answer 46

Booker T Washington, Atlanta compromise

Question 47

“The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions
of social equality is the extremist folly. … It is important and right that all privileges
of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important that we be prepared for the
exercise of these privileges.”

Answer 47

Booker T Washington, Atlanta compromise

Question 48

“the opinion, the judgment, of the higher moral or intellectual being, is worth
more than that of the inferior; and if the institutions of the country virtually assert
that they are of the same value, they assert a thing which is not. One of the two, as
the wiser or better man, has a claim to superior weight.”

Answer 48

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 49

“The meaning of representative government is, that the whole people, or some
numerous portion of them, exercise through deputies periodically elected through
themselves, the ultimate controlling power, which, in every constitution, must
reside somewhere.”

Answer 49

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 50

“The British Government is thus a representative government in the correct sense of the
term: and the powers which it leaves in hands not directly accountable to the people, can
only be considered as precautions which the ruling power is willing should be take
against its own errors. … The Athenian Constitution had many such provisions; and so
has that of the United States.”

Answer 50

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 51

“precise part in the machinery of government, shall be directly and
personally discharged by the representative body”

Answer 51

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 52

“What can be done better by a body than by any individual, is deliberation. When it is
necessary, or important to secure hearing and consideration to many conflicting
opinions, a deliberative body is indispensable.”

Answer 52

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 53

“Where those whose opinion is overruled, feel satisfied that it is heard, and set aside not
by a mere act of will, but for what are thought superior reasons, and commend
themselves as such to the representatives of the majority of the nation; where every
party or opinion in the country can must its strength, and be cured of any illusion
concerning the number of power of its adherents.”

Answer 53

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 54

Must be organized so as “not to allow any of the various sectional
interests to be so powerful as to be capable of prevailing against truth
and justice and the other sectional interests combined” – avoid class
interest.

Answer 54

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 55

“The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the
liberty of action of any of their number is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power
can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to
prevent harm to others.”

Answer 55

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 56

“The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle,
holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend
to produce the reverse of happiness. Happiness is pleasure and the absence of pain.”

Answer 56

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 57

“I regard utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical questions; but it must be utility in the largest
sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being.”

Answer 57

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 58

“Ideally best form of government is that in which the sovereignty is vested
in the entire aggregate of that community…”

Answer 58

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 59

“rights and interests of every or any person are only secure from
being disregarded when the person interested is himself able and
habitually disposed…”

Answer 59

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 60

“A representative constitution is a means of bringing the general
standard of intelligence and honesty existing in the community, and
the individual intellect and virtue of its wisest members, more directly
to bear upon the government…”

Answer 60

John Stuart Mill, Consideration on Representative Government

Question 61

“a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority
or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common
impulse of passion or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to
the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.”

Answer 61

Madison, Federalist Papers

Question 62

“The suffrages of the people … will be more likely to center on men who
possess the most attractive merit and the most diffuse and established characters.”

Answer 62

Madison, Federalist Papers

Question 63

“We believe that the most profound
and potentially most radical politics come directly out of our own identity, as
opposed to working to end someone else’s oppression.”

Answer 63

Combahee River Collective Statement

Question 64

“If Black women were free, it would mean that everyone
else would have to be free since our freedom would necessitate the destruction of
all the systems of oppression.”

Answer 64

Combahee River Collective Statement

Question 65

“The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man.”

Answer 65

Madison, Federalist Papers

Question 66

“Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires.”

Answer 66

Madison, Federalist Papers

Question 67

“The most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property.”

Answer 67

Madison, Federalist Papers

Question 68

“The inference to which we are brought is that the CAUSES of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its EFFECTS.”

Answer 68

Madison, Federalist Papers

Question 69

“Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority.”

Answer 69

Madison, Federalist Papers

Question 70

“A pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction.”

Answer 70

Madison, Federalist Papers`

Question 71

“They who have the most at stake have the greatest right to complain. They who have suffered the least are the least inclined to complain.”

Answer 71

Madison Federalist Papers

Question 72

“The aim of every political constitution is, or ought to be, first to obtain for rulers men who possess most wisdom to discern, and most virtue to pursue, the common good of the society.”

Answer 72

Madison, Federalist Papers