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final Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of mind and behavior

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2
Q

gestalt

A

uses series of principles to describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes; the whole is different from the sum of its parts; Ebbinghaus

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3
Q

behavioral

A

how the brain and nervous system determine behavior; the effects of heredity on behavior

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4
Q

psychodynamic

A

behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control; Sigmund Freud; ex. dreams and slips of the tongue

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5
Q

humanistic

A

individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, control their lives and behavior; Carl Rogers and Maslow; emphasis on free will; seek fulfillment

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6
Q

cognitive

A

focuses on higher mental processes such as thinking, memory, reasoning

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7
Q

evolutionary

A

seeks to identify behavior patterns that resulted from genetic inheritance from our ancestors

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8
Q

scientific method

A

the way we systematically study and understand knowledge; independent and dependent variables; confound: anything that affects dependent v that is not independent v

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9
Q

experimental research

A

needed to find cause; correlation does not equal causation

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10
Q

parts of a neuron

A

dendrites, soma (cell body), nucleus, myelin sheath, axon, terminal buttons

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11
Q

sympathetic PNS

A

put systems on alert; fight or flight; ex. increase heart rate

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12
Q

parasympathetic PNS

A

relax; ex. slow heart rate

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13
Q

autonomic PNS

A

involuntary movement; has 2 divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal chord

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15
Q

somatic PNS

A

voluntary movement

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16
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

made up of neurons with long axons and dendrites

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17
Q

dendrites

A

branch out from spinal chord and brain and reach the extremities of the body

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18
Q

heritability

A

traits passed down from parent to offspring

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19
Q

twin studies

A

Bouchard and Tellegen: discovered genetics have large influence on behavior through twins separated at birth

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20
Q

sensation

A

activation on sense organs by physical energy (stimulus)

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21
Q

perception

A

sorting out, analysis, how stimuli are interpreted

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22
Q

absolute thresholds

A

smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected; ex. candle in dark 20 mi away

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23
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense a change; the just noticeable difference; ex. takes a certain level of strength to notice grip on arm has gotten stronger

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24
Q

Weber’s law

A

just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus; 50:1 ratio

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25
Q

rods

A

colorblind (do not process color); process motion, night vision, shadows

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26
Q

cones

A

color reception; do not work in the dark

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27
Q

Gestalt laws of organization

A
  1. similarity
  2. continuation
  3. closure
  4. proximity
  5. figure/ ground
  6. symmetry/ order
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28
Q

Gestalt laws: similarity

A

elements that are similar in appearance are perceived as grouped together

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29
Q

Gestalt laws: continuation

A

on a line or curve

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30
Q

Gestalt laws: proximity

A

we perceive elements that are closer together as grouped together

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31
Q

Gestalt laws: closure

A

we group elements to form enclosed or complete figures rather than open ones

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32
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent change in behavior brought by experience

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33
Q

habituation

A

a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations

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34
Q

classical conditioning

A

unconditioned stimulus leads to unconditioned response (naturally occurring); ex. balloon popping and guy flinching; neutral stimulus becomes conditioned: learned/ trained

35
Q

Pavlov’s dogs

A

present dog with food and it drools, ring a bell when giving food, ring the bell without food and the dog drools

36
Q

extinction

A

disappearance of conditioned response

37
Q

generalization

A

response to similar stimuli

38
Q

discrimination

A

between conditioned stimulus and others

39
Q

operant conditioning

A

change in behavior using reward and punishment

40
Q

Skinner

A

operant conditioning in rats in a box, rewarding them if they pressed lever

41
Q

punishment

A

pros: appropriate for dangerous behavior
cons: ineffective, physical is harmful mentally, does not give alternative

42
Q

insight

A

sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another; lightbulb idea; Wolfgang Kohler and the chimps stacking boxes

43
Q

observational learning

A

learning through imitation; mirror

44
Q

Bandura

A

social cognitive approach; learning through observing model behavior and its consequences in social interactions

45
Q

memory

A

process by which we encode , store, retrieve info

46
Q

chunks

A

grouping of info that can be stored in short term memory; ex. phone numbers

47
Q

primacy vs recency effect

A

tendency to remember the first and last thing we encounter

48
Q

mnemonic devices

A

organize info to make it more likely to be remembered

49
Q

short term memory

A

memory store in which info first has meaning; magic number 7 +/- 2; working memory: visual store, verbal store, episodic buffer

50
Q

visual store

A

visual and spatial

51
Q

verbal store

A

speech, word, numbers

52
Q

episodic buffer

A

episodes, occurences

53
Q

flashbulb

A

extremely vivid memory, traumatic experience you remember specific details

54
Q

sensory memory

A

sight: iconic, sound: echoic; forget within 1 second

55
Q

capacity

A

digit span: how many digits a person can remember, 5-8

56
Q

heuristics

A

thinking strategy that may lead to solution but may sometimes lead to error; ex. dots game

57
Q

intelligence

A

knowing the context of where you are and what it would take to thrive/ solve and being able to do it

58
Q

WAIS

A

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV: Stanford-Binet intelligence scale; vary to the age of the person being tested

59
Q

reliability

A

tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure

60
Q

validity

A

tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure

61
Q

G factor

A

general intelligence

62
Q

emotional intelligence

A

set of skills underlie assessment, evaluation, expression of emotions

63
Q

most preventable metal retardation

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

64
Q

emotion

A

prepares us for action, shapes our future behavior, helps us interact more effectively with others; what drives you to action

65
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy

A

ordering motivational needs; certain primary needs must be satisfied before moving onto higher order; basic needs: biological needs and survival; psychological needs: connection and self-esteem; self-actualization: state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential

66
Q

learned helplessness

A

one concludes that unpleasant stimuli cannot be controlled; mimics depression: nothing I do will change it and its not going to change; ex. dogs on shock floor

67
Q

sexual response cycle

A

excitement, plateau: maximum level of arousal, orgasm: peak, resolution stage: interval after orgasm in which body returns to unaroused state, refractory period: temporary period in which male cannot develop an erection again

68
Q

androgens

A

main sex hormone in men

69
Q

estrogens

A

main sex hormone in women

70
Q

Freud and psychological determinism

A

unconscious forces act as determinants of personality

71
Q

structure of personality

A

id: raw, reduce tension created by primitive drives (rage), pleasure principle
ego: buffer between id and outside world, executive of personality, reality principle
superego: represents rights and wrongs of society, conscience, perfection principle

72
Q

defense mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing source of anxiety; ex. repression: unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into unconscious

73
Q

big five OCEAN

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion vs introversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

74
Q

MMPI-2

A

Minnesota multiphase personality inventory-2: self report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties

75
Q

Rorscharch test

A

projective method: person is shown ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it; ink blot tests

76
Q

TAT

A

Thematic Apperception Test: shown pictures where you can see multiple images

77
Q

Eysenck

A

3 dimensions of traits:
1. extraversion: degree of sociability
2. neuroticism: emotional stability
3. psychoticism: degree that reality is distorted

78
Q

teratogens

A

environmental agents such as drug, chemical, virus to produce a birth defect

79
Q

Piaget

A
80
Q

temperament

A
81
Q

attachment

A

securely attached: mother as home base, explore independently, exhibit stress when she leaves
avoidant: does not cry when mother leaves
ambivalent: wary of strangers, stressed when separated from parent but not excited when they return
disorganized: lack of clear attachment style, confused

82
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

A

Level 1: Pre-Conventional Morality
- Stage 1: obedience and punishment
- Stage 2: individualism and exchange
Level 2: Conventional Morality
- Stage 3: developing good interpersonal relationships
- Stage 4: maintaining social order
Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
- Stage 5: social contract and individual rights
- Stage 6: universal principles

83
Q

Erikson’s stages

A

Stage 1: trust vs mistrust
Stage 2: autonomy vs shame/ doubt
Stage 5: identity vs confusion

PSY 101 (1 decks)

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