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Environmental Policy and Governance > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Statutory Law

A

an act that requires a vote in congress, can create institutions, and follows the process of how a bill becomes a law

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2
Q

regulatory policy

A

agency led, process intensive, public comment, goes under scientific review, subject to the Administrative Procedures Act

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3
Q

Types of policy

A

Administrative and Budgetary, Governance and Civil Society, Private Sector

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4
Q

Governance

A

How everyone influences change

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5
Q

Spatial mismatch

A

environment has different spatial boundaries than the governments

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6
Q

Temporal mismatch

A

timescale mismatch with ecological and geological time

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7
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

tragedy because there was no greed involved, it was all rational human behavior. shared resources where individual self-interest undermines collective good.

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8
Q

Private goods

A

Excludable, rivalrous: food, car, house

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9
Q

Club goods

A

Excludable, non-rivalrous: cable tv, some social services

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10
Q

Common Pool Resources

A

Non-excludable, rivalrous: forests, fisheries, wildlife

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11
Q

Public goods

A

Non-excludable, non-rivalrous: air, national defense, law enforcement, public radio, streetlights

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12
Q

Collective action

A

discussion led to find a solution

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13
Q

Anthropocentric

A

human-centered, humans are the only species with reason, moral standing, and environmental assets matter when they affect humans

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14
Q

Biocentric/Ecocentric

A

Life and ecosystem-centered, all living creatures have moral standing, and humans have a moral obligation to protect living things

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15
Q

Utilitarian (Instrumental) Values

A

human beings derive utility from ecosystem services either directly or indirectly. Direct use (construction), Indirect, Option, Relational?

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16
Q

Non-Use Values

A

Existence/Bequest, Aesthetic, Intrinsic, Relational?

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17
Q

Stakeholders

A

Anyone with an interest in a policy or management decision. Can be an individual or a group.

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18
Q

Hetch Hetchy: 1990

A

Proposal to build a dam in the Hetch Hetchy valley to deliver water to the San Francisco Metro Area

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19
Q

Preservation of Hetch Hetchy

A

John Miur: ‘Dam Hetch Hetchy! As well dam for water tanks the people’s cathedral and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.’

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20
Q

Transcendentalism

A

belief that spirituality cannot be achieved through reason and rationalism, but instead through self-reflection and intuition.

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21
Q

Conservation of Hetch Hetchy

A

Gifford Pinchett: ‘The fundamental principle of the whole conservation policy is that of use, to take every part of the land and its resources and put it to that use in which it will serve the most people.’ The greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time.

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22
Q

Preservation

A

seeking protection of nature from use

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23
Q

Free rider problem

A

people reaping the benefits of something without paying the costs

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24
Q

Conservation

A

seeking the proper use of nature

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25
Q

Legislative Branch

A

Makes laws

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26
Q

Executive Branch

A

carries out laws

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27
Q

Judicial Branch

A

Evaluates laws

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28
Q

Executive Orders

A

orders produced by POTUS that have the full force of law, are statements of principle, and are subject to judicial review.

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29
Q

House of Representatives

A

435 members, number per state determined by population (census), ‘Lower chamber’, 2-year terms, local representation

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30
Q

Senate

A

100 members, each state has two, ‘Upper chamber’. 6-year terms, state representation, advise and consent + treaty ratification

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31
Q

Federalism

A

sharing power among layers of government (state and local)

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32
Q

Dual federalism

A

Layer cake, when all is clearly defined and separated amongst the national, state and local governments

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33
Q

Cooperative federalism

A

(marble cake) governmental programs are mixed. this is where the state, national, and local governments can work together

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34
Q

Compensatory federalism

A

when national government is failing to take action and therefore the states step in to create new targets for action in policy

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35
Q

Disposal hierarchy

A

Source reduction, Recycling and composting, energy recovery, disposal in landfill

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36
Q

Issues in the Municipal Solid Waste

A

over-reliance on landfills, amount of waste produced, toxicity of waste, GHG emissions

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37
Q

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

A

applies to all federal agencies, before implementing a project, agencies must prepare alternatives for action and analyze the impacts for each one through this process

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38
Q

Categorical exclusions

A

during the NEPA process, when there is not enough evidence for environmental harm or damage, a project can surpass the difficult and strenuous NEPA process

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39
Q

Public comment

A

how the public responds to a presented policy and their influence on the decision-making process.

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40
Q

Non-State actors

A

individuals and organized groups

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41
Q

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A

The executive branch, independent/scientific agency, promulgates regulations, scientific research, and technical support

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42
Q

The Clean Air Act: 1970

A

Human health and ecosystem protection. Stationary and mobile sources of air pollution. States create state implementation plane (SIPS) to achieve standards

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43
Q

Stationary Sources

A

Factories, refineries, power plants. EPA sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

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44
Q

Mobile Sources

A

EPA regulates the composition of fuels and emissions. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards for vehicle manufacturers.

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45
Q

New Source Review

A

Ammendement to the Clean Air Act: changed to technology-based standards from risk-based. Established market-based cap and trade for SO2 and NOX.

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46
Q

Clean Water Act (1972)

A
  1. Eliminate pollution being discharged into water. 2. Regulate surface water to ensure safety for swimmers. 3. Build new municipal wastewater.
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47
Q

Non-point source pollution

A

when the location or source of a pollution cannot be identified

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48
Q

Waters of the U.S (WOTUS)

A

Navigable waters=scope of agency’s jurisdiction. What counts as navigable waters?

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49
Q

Sackett vs. The EPA (2023)

A

Adjacent wetlands are not a part of WOTUS. The EPA lost.

50
Q

West Virginia vs. The EPA

A

statued the Clean Energy Act. the EPA sees limitations on greenhouse emission regulations but it doesn’t stop it from seeking regulations somewhere else

51
Q

Massachusets vs. The EPA

A

Massachusets sea level rise due to the EPA not regulating CO2. mass was able to prove standing through injury in fact because there would be significant harm to human health if there weren’t any national regulations on carbon emissions

52
Q

how to get standing as a stakeholder

A

you need to demonstrate all three: casual connection, injury in fact and that the decision has the capability to redress harm

53
Q

chevron doctrine

A

government must defer back to agency expertise for issues

54
Q

regulatory takings

A

someone saying ‘my value has been taken from the government’

55
Q

Judicial Ripeness

A

the timing must be right

56
Q

Juliana vs. The US

A

young plaintiffs believed their life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness was put into jeopardy due to the government’s actions that caused climate change.

57
Q

Superfund (CERCLA): 1980

A

Abandoned mines and toxic dumps. Polluter pays principle=liability. EPA pays for clean-up when liability impossible

58
Q

Endangered Species Act (1973)

A

Protects species, not individual animals. Fish and Wildlife services are responsible for listing and delisting species. Listing decisions: Endangered, threatened, warranted bu precluded, not warranted.

59
Q

Critical Habitat

A

Area of land or water with physical and biotic characteristics deemed essential for recovery of the species. Locations subject to use restrictions with consultations required.

60
Q

Public Lands

A

owned by all Americans, managed by the federal government for the public good

61
Q

U.S Forest Service

A

Agency within the department of agriculture. multiple resource use: recreation, range, timber, watershed, fish. lead authority for wildfire management.

62
Q

Bureau of Land Management

A

Agency in the department of the interior. Largest land owner in the country. federally managed land. decides what is done with the land in regards to recreational divisions and land used for oil and development

63
Q

National Parks Service

A

Agency in the department of the interior. Recreational purposes. preserves parks, monuments, historical sites, and other designations.

64
Q

Checks and Balances

A

Each of the three branches of government can ‘check’ each other so that one does not become ‘king’

65
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

Ended 30-year war. New Idea: territory of the state has primacy, not leader.

66
Q

State sovereignty

A

When a state has this it means it has its own highest legal authority within that territory.

67
Q

The United Nations

A

Foster communication among sovereign states. Specialized agencies: U.N Environmental program (UNEP), U.N Development Program (UNDP). NO WORL GOVERNMENT, states mandate sovereignty

68
Q

Global Inequality

A

Defining feature of the Modern State System? Inequities between and within countries. Capacity differences.

69
Q

Sustainable Development

A

seeks social equity, balanced with environmental protection and economic growth.

70
Q

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

A

Convening power, administrative and technical support, data. Foster the development of Multilateral Environmental Agreements

71
Q

Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA’s) Process

A
  1. Drafting: states negotiate content of agreement
  2. Adoption: UN accepts text of treaty. States decide whether to participate.
  3. Ratification: Signature by head of state. Some states require a vote of parliament. For parties.
  4. Implementation: Parties develop, adopt, and enforce domestic law.
72
Q

Compliance

A

(What’s the status of the law?) Did the state do what it said it would do?

73
Q

Effectiveness

A

Did implementation succeed in its goals? Was the environmental problem solved/improved?

74
Q

Sustainable Development Goals

A

Voluntary targets for global governance. Indicators and progress tracking. Set of shared global principles. Analytical framework. States, civil society, and the private sector contribute.

75
Q

Mitigation

A

Actions taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow or reverse the pace of climate change

76
Q

Adaptation

A

Actions taken too build resilience and respond/plan for current and projected impacts from climate change

77
Q

Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

A

Objective: provide policymakers with regular updates of the scientific basis for climate change. Scientific information from hundreds of contributors. rigorous peer review.

78
Q

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

A

Objective: to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Annual Conference of the Parties (COP)

79
Q

Common but differentiated responsibility

A

all states are responsible for addressing global environmental destruction yet not equally responsible

80
Q

The Kyoto Protocol (1997)

A

an international treaty that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Operationalizes common but differentiated responsibility. Annex 1: mitigation targets (mandatory and binding). Non-Annex 1: adaptation. Clean development mechanism.

81
Q

Clean Development Mechanism

A

Annex 1 countries: implement projects in non-annex 1 countries, certified emission reduction (CER) credit. Flexibility for annex 1: market-based tool. Revenue source for non-annex 1.

82
Q

The Paris Agreement (2015)

A

Substantially reduce global greenhouse gas emissions to hold global temperature increase to well below 2°C. ‘Needs to be approved by the US’. (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions. Stock-take every 5 years.

83
Q

NIMBYism

A

‘Not in my backyard’

84
Q

Energy Insecurity

A

inability to meet basic household needs. Estimated 1/3 US households

85
Q

Energy Efficiency

A

Use less energy for the same services. Improved technology and less waste.

86
Q

Energy Conservation

A

Behavior that results in lower demand for energy, Social change and less waste.

87
Q

Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA)

A

Massive funding for energy: resilient power grid, clean energy technology development, low carbon, and zero-emission school buses. Extends permitting provisions on Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act.

88
Q

Inflation Reduction Act (2022)

A

Clean energy tax credits: can lower costs of production and stabilize markets long-term.

89
Q

Environmental Justice: Representation

A

Impacted communities are represented in decision making

90
Q

Environmental Justice: Process

A

Planning processes are fair, transparent, and accessible

91
Q

Environmental Justice: Distribution

A

Environmental benefits and impacts are distributive equitably

92
Q

Carbon Tax

A

No limits on pollution, tax applies per ton. Internalize negative externalities

93
Q

Cap and Trade

A

Pollution capped. Allowances/permits distributed. Market to buy and sell credits, prices fluctuate.

94
Q

Social Cost of Carbon (SCC)

A

An estimate of the economic damages associated with emitting one more ton of GHG

95
Q

Loss and Damage

A

Low-income countries facing losses attributed to wealthy countries’ GHG emissions. Legal and financial claim

96
Q

Climate reparations

A

Moral claim

97
Q

Blue Zone

A

In the COP. Open to ACCREDITED parties and observers. Hosts the formal negotiations, panel discussions, and cultural events.

98
Q

Green Zone

A

In the COP. Managed by the COP presidency. Platform for NON-ACCREDITED delegates, youth groups, civil society, NGOs, the private sector, and indigenous groups.

99
Q

Private Sector

A

Planetary boundaries, sustainable development. Role for non-state actors

100
Q

Corporate Sustainability

A

Carroll’s Pyramid responsibilities: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic.

101
Q

Triple Bottom Line

A

Socially responsible, environmentally friendly, create wealth for shareholders

102
Q

Fossil Fuel Divestment

A

eliminate financial holdings and investments in fossil fuels. Focus on endowment investments.

103
Q

The Food System

A

Production, Processing, Distribution, and Consumption.

104
Q

Food Waste drivers

A

Inefficient food systems, urbanization, cultural factors, and globalization

105
Q

Food Security

A

Reliable access to healthy food. consumption + (some) waste management = demand side.

106
Q

Food Sovereignty

A

Right to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through own agricultural systems.

107
Q

Environmental Ethics

A

Relationship between humans and the (non-humans) natural world

108
Q

Distributive Justice

A

allocation of costs and benefits across time and space

109
Q

Procedural Justice

A

access to power, decision-making

110
Q

Recognitional Justice

A

Human rights, cultural autonomy

111
Q

Environmental Justice

A

Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

112
Q

Love Canal (1970s)

A

Waste disposal site in upstate NY. Hooker chemical company buried toxic waste. Elementary schools and sub-divisions were built on these waste sites. Samples were taken and found increased rates of reproductive problems, and birth defects. Evacuation, clean-up, and some demolition.

113
Q

Green Environmentalism

A

Ecosystem health, long time horizons, large spatial scales, inter-generational equity, educate people. Ex: wilderness protection

114
Q

Brown Environmentalism

A

Human health, Immediate, mostly local state, equity across race and class now, work with people. Ex: clean air, clean water

115
Q

Disaster Risk Reduction

A

Preparation is cheaper than recovery

116
Q

Co-Benefits

A

policies that have both mitigation and adaptation benefits

117
Q

Hazard

A

a potentially damaging physical event; an external event that we have little or no control over in the moment

118
Q

Exposure

A

People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses

119
Q

Vulnerability

A

pre-existing socioeconomic conditions that increase someone’s susceptibility to the impacts of hazards

120
Q

Risk

A

Probability of harmful consequences or expected losses resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions

Environmental Policy and Governance (2 decks)

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