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Biology 101 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

two categories of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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2
Q

prokaryotic cell example

A

bacteria

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3
Q

eukaryotic cell example

A

humans and plants

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4
Q

four structures both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have

A

plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA

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5
Q

plasma membrane function

A

separates cells from surroundings, other structures can be embedded, controls what enters and leaves cell

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6
Q

ribosome function

A

produces proteins from instructions in DNA

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7
Q

DNA function

A

has instructions to make everything cell produces

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8
Q

3 differences that separate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells

A

no membrane bound organelles, nucleoid, smaller than eukaryotes

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9
Q

evolutionary origin of mitochondria

A

aerobic bacteria

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10
Q

evolutionary origin of chloroplasts

A

photosynthetic bacteria

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11
Q

name of hypothesis describing the evolutionary origin

A

endosymbiont hypothesis

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12
Q

villi in small intestine function

A

finger-like structure gives large surface area to absorb nutrients

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13
Q

joints with synovial fluid function

A

fluid-filled space between the bones lubricates the joint allowing it to move

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14
Q

actin function

A

when muscles are relaxed, bundles of actin filaments are separated from one another

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15
Q

myosin function

A

when muscles contract, myosin proteins ‘walk’ along actin filaments, pulling the actin bundles together and shortening the muscle

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16
Q

capillaries function

A

allow exchange with tissues as they are tiny and allow RBCs to pass once at a time which brings everything close together for easy exchange

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17
Q

skin function

A

stops pathogens from entering body

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18
Q

how does skin prevent pathogens from entering body

A

dryness, acidity, tightly packed cells, shedding of outer layer

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19
Q

frontal lobe function

A

processes smell, sends motor commands to muscles, helps determine personality, decision making and risk assessment

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20
Q

corpus callosum function

A

connects the right and left hemispheres

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21
Q

what cellular structure is abundant in cells who produce a lot of proteins

A

ribosomes

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22
Q

what cellular structure is abundant in cells who produce a lot of ATP

A

mitochondria

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23
Q

what about mitochondria and chloroplasts’ structure helps them maintain the hydrogen ion gradient needed for cellular respiration/photosynthesis

A

they have a double membrane to maintain their hydrogen ion gradient and it separates it from the rest of the cell

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24
Q

what feature of a mitochondria’s inner membrane increases its surface area for ATP synthesis

A

the folds of the inner membrane give a greater surface area for ions to pass through

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25
Q

are lipids polar or nonpolar

A

nonpolar

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26
Q

how does polarity influence molecules’ interaction with water

A

water is polar so its attracted to other polar molecules and ions/hydrophilics

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27
Q

phospholipid structure

A

heads are hydrophilic and are outside tails are hydrophobic and are inside

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28
Q

how to determine if a molecule will pass through the membrane or blood

A

nonpolar molecules will pass through the plasma membrane without a transport/channel but will need a carrier to pass through blood

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29
Q

how to recognize a hydrophilic or hydrophobic molecule

A

nonpolar molecules tend to be hydrophobic polar or charged molecules tend to be hydrophilic

30
Q

what is important about protein structure that determines function

A

Polypeptides (amino acid chains) fold into a 3d shape and the shape they fold into is determined by the chemical properties of the amino acids that make them up and the shape proteins fold into determines their function

31
Q

type of biomolecule that stores genetic info

A

DNA

32
Q

monomer of DNA

A

nucleotide

33
Q

four bases in DNA

A

A,C,T,G

34
Q

four bases in RNA

A

A,C,U,G

35
Q

complimentary pairs of DNA bases

A

A pairs with T, G pairs with C

36
Q

complimentary pairs of RNA bases

A

A pairs with U, G pairs with C

37
Q

two steps in gene expression

A

transcription and translation

38
Q

four steps in transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter, separate the two DNA strands, pair up complimentary nucleotides, find the end of the gene in the DNA the terminator

39
Q

molecule produced after transcription

A

mRNA

40
Q

how are tRNAs involved in elongation

A

carry amino acids and enter the A site

41
Q

how are ribosomes involved in elongation

A

ribosome connects amino acids from the p-site to the tRNA to the a-site tRNA; the ribosome moves over one codon on the mRNA, leaving the empty site

42
Q

what makes you look different from classmates

A

slightly different DNA sequences

43
Q

what makes your cells look different

A

our cells express different genes

44
Q

where do the molecules that make up our cells come from

A

food

45
Q

in what form does food enter the body

A

polymers and broken down into monomers

46
Q

how is food transformed into something to be used by cells

A

enzymes

47
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed only transformed

48
Q

law of conservation of matter

A

matter cannot be created or destroyed only transformed

49
Q

where do heterotrophs obtain matter

A

digestion breaks polymers into monomers to provide matter

50
Q

where do heterotrophs obtain energy

A

sunlight which makes sugars that are broken down by cellular respiration

51
Q

what molecules are present at the start and end of each step and how many carbons do they have

A

glycolysis - glucose (6); 2 pyruvates (3)
pyruvate oxidation - pyruvate (3); acetyl-CoA (2) and CO2 (1)

52
Q

how is light energy captured

A

by pigments in photosystem

53
Q

how is light energy converted into chemical energy in ATP

A

when light is absorbed it excites electrons which are passed down an electron transport chain to make a reduced electron carrier and pump protons across a membrane the protein gradient powers ATP synthase

54
Q

digestive system function

A

breaks down adn absorbs food and removes waste

55
Q

endocrine system function

A

controls body through chemical messages

56
Q

excretory system

A

water and solute balance

57
Q

immune system

A

defends against pathogens

58
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

supports the body and allows movement

59
Q

nervous system

A

processes info and controls the body

60
Q

reproductive system

A

reproduces

61
Q

respiratory system

A

gas exchange

62
Q

sensory system

A

detects info

63
Q

what does the cell membrane do in a neuron

A

houses ion channels/pumps and blocks ions from going through

64
Q

sodium/potassium pump function

A

uses energy generated by ATP to move Na+ outside the cell and K+ in (both against their concentration gradient) to maintain the resting membrane potential

65
Q

voltage gated sodium channel function

A

when the neuron is excited these channels open and Na+ ions move in depolarizing the membrane

66
Q

voltage gated calcium channel function

A

allow Ca2+ into cell when membrane depolarizes

67
Q

vesicle function

A

hold neurotransmitters in synapses can combine with cell membrane to dump stuff outside cell

68
Q

neurotransmitter function

A

chemical message sent from one neuron to the next

69
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

open when a neurotransmitter binds and allows ions to flow through

70
Q

two systems that specialize in signaling

A

nervous and endocrine system

Biology 101 (1 decks)

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