Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LINGUISTICS > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

human language

A

arbitrary
rule governed
creative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

parole

A

actual speech that speakers produce

based on underlying system of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

langue

A

underlying abstract system of language

the signs & their relationships to one another both in the lexicon & combined into sentences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

etymon

A

historical word from which more recent form was dervied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

prescriptive rules

A

establish & enforce what we should say or write according to established notions of good/bad right/wrong

judge the correctness & try to enforce 1 norm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

descriptive rules

A

attempt to models speakers’ linguistic competence & performance

what speakers know about a language & how they actually use it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hypercorrection

A

attempt to speak grammatically that results in a supposed error

give your car to my brother & I vs my brother & me

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

phonetics

A

sub discipline of linguistics that studies speech sounds

how sounds are produced & percieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

place of articulation

A

location of articulators in the the production of speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

manner of articulation

A

describes proximity of articulators & the accompanying effect on airflow in prodction of a speech sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

articulatory phonetics

A

study of sound in language focused on how speakers produce it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

acoustic phonetics

A

study of sound in language focused on how sound is transmitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

auditory phonetics

A

study of sound in language focused on how people perceive it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

phonology

A

a sub discipline of linguistics that studies the sound system of any given language

examines which sounds make up the distinctive consonants & vowels of a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

phoneme

A

what native speakers hear as a distinctive sounds of a language

a sound different from all other sounds in the language

/p/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

allophone

A

any variant of a phoneme

‘perhaps’ = 2 /p/ sounds, 1 aspirated & 1 not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stops

A

a consonant made by a complete block of airflow followed by a release of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fricatives

A

a consonant produced by bringing the passive & active articulators together, creating friction as the air passes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

affricates

A

a hybrid consonant of a stop & a fricative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

nasals

A

stop produced when air flows from the lungs through the nose

/m, n/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

approximants

A

sound made by restricting but not blocking the vocal tract /r, j/

glides & liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

glides

A

speech sound produced by transition from one speech sound to another

/w, j/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

liquids

A

consonant produced whe articulators are in proximity to each other but do not impede airflow

/l, r/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vowel

A

speech sound characterized by unimpeded airflow & produced by shape of the oral cavitiy & the tongue’s shape & position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

syllabic consonant

A

consonant that participates in or continues the nucleus of a syllable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

frontness/backness

A

indicated whether the tip of the tongue is nearer to the front of the outh or the back of the tongue is nearer to the back of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

height

A

indicated whether the tongue is high, low, or mid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

tenseness / laxness

A

indicates whether the tongue muscles are tense or lax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

diphthong

A

vowel that begins at one place of articulation & ends at another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

rounding

A

whether the lips are rounded when the vowel is produced

back vowels more rounded
front vowels unrounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

contrastive distribution

A

2 sounds that belong in different phonemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

complementary distribution

A

systematic organization of allophones such that no 2 allophones of the same phoneme occur in exactly the same environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

natural class

A

set of sounds that shaire features

row or column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

assimilation

A

one segment becomes more like neighbboring segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

dissimilation

A

one segment becomes less like neighrboing segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

deletion

A

one segment is removed in a particular environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

insertion

A

one segment is inserted in a particular environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

metathesis

A

segments are reordered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

vowel reduction

A

an unstressed vowel is articulated more toward the center of the vowel space

typically a schwa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

morphology

A

study of word forms & the processes by which words are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

morpheme

A

smallest meaningful unit of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

derivational morpheme

A

morpheme that contributes to formation of a new word

changes meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

free morpheme

A

morpheme that functions without modification as a word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

bound morpheme

A

morpheme used only when attached to a morpheme that can be used independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

open morphological class

A

lexical category to which nnew items can be added

adj, noun, verb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

closed morphological class

A

lexical category in which new items rarely develop

conj, determiner, prep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

combining

A

the most productive way to form new words in english

compounding, prefixing, suffixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

compounding

A

combining free morphemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

shortening

A

shortening words to form new words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

alphabetism

A

word is formed froom the initials of a phrase & the word is pronounced as the sequence of letters

CPU CRL BTW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

acronymy

A

groups of words shortened to initials & then pronounced as a word

RAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

clipping

A

a word is ‘clipped’ when it loses an element, often next to root or base

net, cell, sci-fi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

backformation

A

a new word is formed by removing an affix from a word to form a new word

beggar –> beg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

blending

A

created by joining 2 or more words

at least 1 must be clipped

hybrid process of clipping & combining
interconnected + network = internet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

epistemic modal auxilary

A

auxiliary verb used to indicate that proposition underlying a statement is simply the case or is believed to be the case

dinner MUST be ready

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

deontic modal auxiliary

A

auxilary verb used to indicate the necessity or inevitability of an action or state

to imply agent’s obligation to act as a predicate specifies

to indicate permission

necessity MUST be indicated by means of a deontic modal auxilary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

syntax

A

systemic ways in which words combined to create well-formed phrases, clauses, sentences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

lexical categories

A

describe the classes of words tha behave similarily in the grammar of a language

parts of speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

intransitive verb

A

verb that does not require or cannot take a direct object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

transitive verb

A

verb that requires a direct object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

ditransitive verb

A

verb that appears w/ 2 objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

linking verb

A

verb (be or seem) that more or less identifies the subject & predicate of a sentence as the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

aspect

A

indicates whether an action is in progress or complete

momentary ot habitual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

indicative mood

A

statements & questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

imperative mood

A

commands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

subjunctive mood

A

conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

modal auxiliary

A

verb used in combo w/ another verb to indicate modality of that other verb

can, may, must

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

modality

A

conditionality
necessity
possibility

qualify a verb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

preposition

A

words that indicated the relation of a noun, pronoun, noun phrase to another noun, verb, or adj

at, by, from, with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

complementizer

A

subordinate conj that serves as the head of a subordinate clause that functions as nominal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

generative grammar

A

scientific theory created to explain how language is possible & how it happens that any child can learn any language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

universal grammar

A

the syste of principles, conditions, & rules that are elements of properties of all human languages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

constituent

A

any component that functions as part of a larger linguistic structure

determiner + noun = noun phrase

74
Q

complex sentence

A

sentence w/ 1 or more subordinate clauses embedded within or appended to the main clause

75
Q

compound sentence

A

sentence w/ 2 or more independent clauses

76
Q

subordinate clause

A

clause that cannot function as a sentence but must be attached to or embedded in an independent clause

dependent clause

77
Q

complementizer clause

A

dependent clause that serves as a noun phrase

typically introduced by that or wh- words

78
Q

relative clause

A

dependent clause typically introduced by a relative pronoun that functions as an adjectival

relative pronouns - that, which, who, whom, & whose

79
Q

endophoric reference

A

dependence of 1 noun or pronoun within a text to another preceding it or following it within the same text

80
Q

exophoric reference

A

reference to something in a text’s context or situation

81
Q

deixis

A

reference to personal, temporal, or locational features of the circumstance in which an utterance is made whose meaning is relative to the circumstance

by means of adverbs (here, there, then, now) & pronouns (this & that)

82
Q

polysemy

A

general semantic process by which a single word develops many meanings

83
Q

collocation

A

arrangement of words into a phrase

combination of words that commonly co-occur as a phrase

84
Q

hyponymy

A

denotes a set of hierarchical semantic relationships

hypernym is a more general term than its hyponyms

dlab, dalmation chihuahua, corgi, weiner dog

85
Q

hypernym

A

word of more general meaning that other defined in relation to it

dog

86
Q

meronym

A

figures in the relationship of whole to part

tail, whiskers, paw, ears, & snout

87
Q

gradable antonyms

A

conceptually opposites but they represent values at 2 ends of a spectrum w/ many valules in between them

fat –> thin, good –> bad, hot–> cold, slow –> fast

88
Q

complementary (non gradable) antonyms

A

absolutes at opposite conceptual poles

either one or the other, cannot be somewhere in the middle

single & married, awake & asleep, dead & alive

89
Q

converse antonyms

A

semantically reciprocal

one cannot exist w/out the other

parent & child, student & teacher

90
Q

homonyms

A

words of radically different meaning that share a word form

either same spelling, same pronunciation, or both

sink - the thing in the kitchen or the verb
both a homophone & a homograph

sink & sync - homophone

91
Q

homophone

A

words that have the same pronunciation

to, too, two

92
Q

homographs

A

words that share the same form

dove (bird) & dove (verb)

93
Q

compositionality

A

in semantics, the view that sentence meaning depends not only on the meanings of a sentence’s parts but also on how those parts are put together

94
Q

truth conditions

A

what msut be true for an utterance or sentence to be true

95
Q

presupposition

A

assumption that makes the truth of a proposition or utterance possible

assumption of “king of france” allows us to consider the truth of the claim that “the present king of france is bald”

96
Q

metaphorical extension

A

a word takes on a metaphorical sense, reaching beyond its primary meaning

97
Q

specialization

A

a word w general meaning becomes a word of more specific meaning

98
Q

perjoration

A

a word of neutral significance takes on a negative meaning

99
Q

reappropriation

A

a historically derogatory word is claimed/reclaimed by a community that has been oppressed or stigmatized by that word

100
Q

conversation analysis

A

examines structure of conversation

101
Q

turn

A

basic unit of conversation

102
Q

conversational floor

A

negotiation of turns as speakers give up the conversational floor

103
Q

interruptions

A

(& overlap) attempt by speakers to take the floor

only interruptions are a turn-taking violation

104
Q

speech act theory

A

works from the premises that language performs actions

when we speak we are “doing things” not just tallking about them

105
Q

locutionary act

A

the production of the sounds & words that make up an utterancce & its referential meaning

106
Q

illocutionary act

A

the intended meaning of the utterance that an utterance is understood to have

107
Q

representatives (assertives)

A

represent a state of affairs

108
Q

directivves

A

designed to get the addressee to do something

109
Q

commissives

A

designed to the speaker to do something

110
Q

expressives

A

express the mental state of the speaker

111
Q

declarations

A

bring about the state of affairs to which they refer

112
Q

verdictives

A

pass judgement

113
Q

prelocutionary act

A

the effect achieved by an utterance on the hearer

114
Q

direct speech act

A

when the form of the locutionary act corrresponds directly w/ the illocutionary act

115
Q

indirect speech act

A

invlolve intended meanings different from the locutionary act or literal meaning of the words

116
Q

performative speech acts

A

utterances that accompllish the acts they describe just by being uttered

“I dub you Sir Harry Potter”

117
Q

cooperative principle

A

in conversation, the principle that participants will cooperate w/ one another, especially that they will observe the conversational maxims

118
Q

maxims of quantity

A

make your contribution as informative as required

do not make your contributiuon more informative than is required

119
Q

maxims of quality

A

do not say what you believe to be false

do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence

120
Q

maxim of relation

A

be relevant

121
Q

maxims of manner

A

avoid obscurity of expression

avoid ambiguity

be brief

be orderly

122
Q

entailment

A

logical relationship between a statement & the conditions on which it is true

“not everyone did well on this quiz”
any number takings the quiz performed poorly
at least one person did less than well (whatever that means)
some students did poorly

123
Q

implicature

A

meaning implied in additon to the truth-conditional meaning of a proposition

124
Q

face

A

conversational persona responsible for politeness toward others & receiving others’ politeness

125
Q

negative face

A

desire to be unimpeded in one’s actions which in part determines conversational politeness

126
Q

positive face

A

desire to be approved of or liked by other participants in conversation which in part determines conversational politeness

127
Q

face-threatening act

A

any utterance that challenges the level of politeness in conversation

128
Q

negative politeness

A

respecting another’s negative face, especially by using markers of deference, apology, etc

129
Q

positive politeness

A

enhancing the positive face of others in conversation

by means of compliments & other markers of friendliness

130
Q

discourse markers

A

defined at the seemingly meaningless elements that tend to occur in spoken language that carry out pragmatic functions rather than convey semantic or truth-conditional meaning

signal to the reader how to understand an utterance in relation to the utterances that precede & follow it

how to understand the utterance in the context of the relationship being negotiated between the speaker & the listener

now, so, well, and, I mean, however, then, you know

can be adverbs, interjections, verbs, conj

131
Q

indexical meaning

A

meaning within discourse that depends on context outside the discourse

including social circumstances & the construction or maintenance of social identities

132
Q

stylistics

A

the study of language & craft in lit, ads, letters, lyrics, & so no

133
Q

genre

A

types of texts that tend to occur in or are associated with specific contexts or social occasions

134
Q

register

A

varieties of a language defined by use

135
Q

abstract

A

short intro summary of what happened or an overview statement that captures the interest of the narrative

136
Q

orientation

A

background info that clarifies setting & characters of a narrative

137
Q

complicating action

A

moment(s) in the ordering of a narrative when “something happens” or the situation changes

138
Q

evaluation

A

comments throughout a narrative that address why it is interesting

139
Q

resolution

A

closing material about what finally happens in a narrative

140
Q

coda

A

a final summary or comment that may provide a moral or lesson or connect the narrative to the context in which it’s told

141
Q

cohesion

A

describes the set of linguistic features or forms that create ties across sentences& thereby joining them into text

142
Q

reference

A

depend on antecedents for their interpretation

exophoric
endophoric

143
Q

ellipsis

A

leaving out something mentioned earlier

who saw the tooth fair? Bob

144
Q

substitution

A

rather than completely leaving out the info, a ‘holding item’ like “so” or “one” or “do” is inserted

who took out the garbage? she did

145
Q

conjunction

A

through the use of a conjunctive-adverbial, a prep phrase, or a conj, a logical-semantic relationship is expressed between the 2 sentences

146
Q

elaboration

A

material is either re presented or clarified

147
Q

extension

A

material is added or qualified

148
Q

enhancement

A

material is related in terms of time, space, manner, or cause

149
Q

lexical cohesion

A

ties parts of a text to one another principally through the following means

repetition of words across sentences
use of synonyms to create semantic connections
use collocations

150
Q

meter

A

patterned arrangement of words in poetry

according to stress, number of syllables, vowel length

151
Q

prosody

A

distribution of intonation & stress or systematic arrangement of intonation & stress in poetry

152
Q

rhyme

A

correspondence of word-final sounds generally but especially among poetic lines or parts of those lines

153
Q

onomatopoeia

A

creation or use of words w/ sounds that imitate those associated w/ things to which they refer

buzz gasp

154
Q

frontal lobe

A

some language & some motor functions

155
Q

parietal lobe

A

bodily sensations such as touch, pain, & temp

156
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

157
Q

temporal lobe

A

learning & aspects of memory storage

158
Q

critical age hypothesis

A

there is a period of growth in which full native competence is possible when acquiring a language

language learning is most fully realized before a speaker reaches puberty

Genie - she learned some language but will never be able to fully learn all aspects

159
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

affects language production more than language comprehension

160
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

fluency of their speech production is not impaired, but their ability to create meaningful utterances is

161
Q

dialect

A

a variety of language spoken by a group of people that is systematically different from other varieties of the language in terms of structural or lexical features

162
Q

accent

A

systematic phonological variation among dialects

163
Q

overt prestige

A

refers to the more widely recognized value given to standards that supposedly transcend conditions like pace or social status

164
Q

covert prestige

A

refers to the value that nonstandard varieties carry within specific communities

165
Q

major factors in language variation within speech communities

A

age
gender
social networks
race & ethnicity
socioeconomic class
geography

166
Q

perceptual dialectology

A

study of how speakers perceive variation

167
Q

basilect

A

the dialect variety with the most creole features

168
Q

acrolect

A

the dialect variety closest to the lexifier language (languages from which the bulk of the vocab comes)

169
Q

mesolects

A

dialect in between basilect & acrolect

170
Q

retention

A

speakers bring features of their original dialects/languages w/ them at emigration/migration

171
Q

naturally occuring internal language change

A

some regional features result from the ongoing variation & change that occurs within any speech community

form first occurs in a locality or region & is maintained there

may then spread to other regions or remain a more localized form

172
Q

language contact

A

speakers of a variety encounter speakers of another language & contact w/ this other language affects the dialect

borrowing
structural influence

173
Q

coining

A

speakers create new words or phrases to name something previously unknown to them

174
Q

social factors

A

speech communities may adopt or retain specific features in relation to their social significance

175
Q

ablaut

A

change in vowel sound that indicated tense in English “strong verbs”

sing, sang, sung

176
Q

what reflects the development in the Early Modern English period

A

the universalization of the 3rd person singular ‘-s’ in present tense verbs

177
Q

middle english is characterized by 2 major trends

A

english gradually lost inflectional endings due to phonological change in unstressed syllables

english gradually developed form synthetic to analytic syntax due to erosion among old english inflections

178
Q

inner circle

A

countries where the dominant language is english

179
Q

outer circle

A

countries where english is an official language or an important “second language”

180
Q

expanding circle

A

countries where english takes on a central role as a foreign language taught in the schools, given its international role

LINGUISTICS (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions