Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is the metric system commonly called
A
English System
2
Q
What is the basic unit of linear measurement
A
meter
3
Q
what is the stand metric unit of weight
A
gram
4
Q
what is the basic unit of liquid volume
A
liter
5
Q
what is the unit of temperature used in the metric system
A
celsius
6
Q
how to find celsius
A
(F-32)/1.8
7
Q
how to find farenheit
A
1.8 x C + 32
8
Q
what is used to measure temperatrure
A
thermometer
9
Q
when converting from larger to smaller units
A
multiply
10
Q
when converting form smaller to larger units
A
divide
11
Q
what are the 2 kinds of data
A
discrete and continuous
12
Q
values that are collected by counting or classifying types into units
A
discrete data
13
Q
values collected based on measurement with a ruler or with a balance
A
continuous data
14
Q
error due to a chance variation, not by any known cause. this error is unavoidable and is evaluated by statistical means
A
random error
15
Q
error due to an experimental deficiency and can be described
A
systematic error
16
Q
an error that can be corrected or avoided, it is preconceived notions as to how the results would be
A
illegitimate error
17
Q
the smallest unit of subdivision of the measurement unit
A
precision
18
Q
the sum of observations divided by the number of observations
A
mean
19
Q
a measure of the difference between the upper and lower limits of a data set
A
range
20
Q
weight of specimen/weight of water it displaced
A
specific gravity
21
Q
an instrument used to examine objects too small for unaided eye
A
microscope
22
Q
what is the lower limit for the human eye
A
0.1mm
23
Q
the ability of the microscope to separate close objects is
A
resolution
24
Q
calculated by multiplying the objective power by the ocular power
A
magnification
25
the most basic unit of life
cell
26
all living things are composed of
cells
27
what processes do cells use to reproduce themselves
meiosis and mitosis
28
who discovered the cell's structure
Robert Hooke
29
what are the 2 cell types
prokaryotes & eukaryotes
30
bacteria and archaea are
prokaryotes
31
how many kingdoms do eukaryotes have
4
32
what are the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes
plantae, animalia, fungi, and protist
33
usually smaller in size
prokaryotes
34
usually bigger in size
eukaryotes
35
simpler in structure
prokaryotes
36
complex structure
eukaryotes
37
lacks most organelles
prokaryotes
38
nucleus enclosed by membrane
eukaryotes
39
cell wall lacks cellulose
prokaryotes
40
what does the cell wall of prokaryotes contain
peptidoglycan
41
cell wall contains cellulose
eukaryotes
42
what are the 4 different types of macromolecules
monosaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, and protein
43
salivary amylase is
an enzyme
44
indicates whether the experimental system is working properly
positive control
45
indicates if some external factor is giving false positive result
negative control
46
what are the 4 macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
47
what are the 3 categories of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
48
glucose and fructose are
monosaccharides
49
sucrose is
disaccharide
50
starch and cellulose are
polyssaccharides
51
what is the general function of carbohydrates
energy, structure, storage, and cellular processes
52
general formula for carbohydrates
C(H2O)n
53
refereed to as mono-, di- or trisaccharides
small sugar molecules
54
polymers of shorter length
oligosaccharides
55
molecules of longest length
polysaccharides
56
most test for sugars are dependent on
aldehyde or ketone
57
what color does a carbohydrate turn when mixed with Benedict's solution
orange red/brick red
58
used to detect the presence of reducing substances
benedict's solution
59
what are the reducing sugars
glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose, and maltose
60
what color does a monosaccharide turn when mixed with benedict's solution
blue to orange brown
61
used to detect the presence of polysaccharides such as starch
iodine reagent
62
what test is used for polyssacharides
iodine reagent
63
what test is used for monosaccharides
benedict's reagent
64
what test is used for carbohydrates
benedict's reagent
65
what color does a polysaccharides turn when undergoing the iodine test
bluish black
66
the common polysaccharide in animals
glycogen
67
what are the 5 categories of lipids
fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids
68
composed of fatty acids and glycerol
fats
69
what are the 2 types of fats
saturated and unsaturated
70
what are the characteristics of lipids
non-polar, hydrophobic, insoluble in water
71
function of lipds
energy, storage, structure, insulation to body, organ protection
72
3 forms of lipids
triglycerides, sterols, and phospholipids
73
lipids primarily contain
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
74
a lipid with a color
fat dye
75
if fat dye dissolves or mixes with an unknown substance then
the unknown substance is a lipid
76
what is used to test lipids
Sudan IV
77
what color does Sudan IV turn lipids
red
78
what does every cell require for its survival
protein
79
what are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
80
how many amino acids are there
20
81
what type of bonds do amino acids form
peptide bonds
82
what do peptide bonds form
polypeptide chains
83
what are structural proteins
used for support
84
what are transport proteins
transport of other substances
85
what are hormonal proteins
coordination of an organisms activities
86
what are defensive proteins
protection against disease
87
what are enzymatic proteins
selective acceleration of chemical reactions
88
what test is used for proteins
Biuret test
89
used to detect the presence of peptide bonds
biuret test
90
what color do proteins turn during the biuret test
purple
91
what are the 2 types of nucleic acids
RNA & DNA
92
have nucleotide chains, posses phosphodiester bonds, and present in linear and stranded forms
DNA & RNA
93
what are nucleotides composed of
Nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group
94
what are the nitrogenous bases of nucleotides
purine pyrimidine
95
what sugar is used in nucleotides
pentose sugar
96
what bonds are nucleotides joined together by
phosphodiester bonds
97
what test is used for nucleic acids
dische test
98
what color is a positive result in the dische test
blue(indicates DNA)
99
what color is a negative result in the dische test
clear
100
defined as the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution
pH
101
dictates whether the solution is acidic, neutral, or alkaline
pH
102
what can be used measure pH
pH paper & pH meter
103
a solution with a pH of 7 is
neutral
104
a solution with a pH less than 7
acidic
105
a solution with a pH greater than 7 is
alkaline or basic
106
the cell membrane consist of
a lipid bilayer
107
what does the cell membrane structure determine
what solutes or solvents enters or leaves the cell
108
what is the constant movement of molecules and small particles
brownian motion or brownian movement
109
the process by which molecules randomly move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
diffusion/molecular diffusion
110
the grams of material(solute) dissolved in 100ml of water(solvent)
percent solution
111
consists of a solute and a solvent
solution
112
the dissolved substance in a solution
solute
113
a liquid that dissolves another material
solvent
114
expresses concentration in moles per volume
molar solution
115
also referred to as the molecular weight of a substance dissolved in enough water to make 1 liter of solution
molar solution
116
the process by which water moves from an area of high water potential(low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential(high solute concentration) through a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
117
a solution with the same water concentration as the cell there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane
isotonic
118
a solution with a lower water concentration than the cell the cell will lose water by osmosis
hypertonic
119
a solution with a high water concentration than the cell the cell will gain water by osmosis
hypotonic
120
the breaking open of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid
hemolysis
121
the formation of abnormal notchings due to the loss of water by osmosis
crenation
122
the process by which the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water by osmosis
plasmolysis
123
proteins that catalyze(increase) the rate of chemical reactions
enzymes
124
what do enzymes do to activation energy
lower them
125
are enzymes used up in a reaction
no
126
do enzymes alter the equilibrium of a reaction
no
127
what is the standard enzyme equation
enzyme(E) + substrate(S) --- enzyme + substrate (ES) --- E + P
128
the basis for most single-substrate enzyme kinetics
michaelis-menten equation
129
v0 represents
intial reaction rate
130
s represents
substrate concentration
131
Vmax represents
enzymes maximum rate (constant)
132
explains how the initial reaction rate depends on the rate of constant and the substrate-binding equilibrium
michaelis-menten equation
133
molecules that bind to the enzyme to decrease the enzymes activity
inhibitors
134
molecules that bind to the enzyme to increase the enzymes activity
activators
135
what can affect enzyme activity
molecules (inhibitors and activators), temperature, chemical environment(pH), & substrate or enzyme concentration
136
hydrolyses the α-1-, 4-glycosidic bonds in starch and converts it to sugar
amylase
137
hydrolyses lactose into galactose and glucose monomers
lactase
138
catalyses the fermentation of sugar into CO2 and ethanol
zymase
139
joins DNA fragments together
DNA ligase
140
decomposes hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
catalase
141
life is driven by
energy
142
all the activities that organisms carry out use
energy
143
where does all of life's energy ultimately come from
the sun
144
converts radiant energy to chemical energy
photosynthesis
145
self-feeders
autotrophs
146
all organisms live on the energy produced by
autotrophs
147
do not have the ability to produce their own food
heterotrophs
148
what percentage of organisms are heterotrophs
95%
149
what do plants depend on to capture energy from the sun
leaves
150
contains chlorophyll for capturing the sun's energy
mesophyll
151
traps light energy to make food
chlorophyll
152
what turns iodine dark blue
starch
153
where is the chlorophyll pigment struck in photosynthesis
thylakoid
154
what 2 forms of energy is the sun's energy converted into during photosynthesis
ATP & NADPH
155
what are the light reactions of photosynthesis
ATP & NADPH
156
is the byproduct of photosynthesis
oxygen
157
occurs in the absence of sunlight where the enzyme RUBisCo captures CO2 from the atmosphere
Calvin Cycle
158
what is the best wavelength for photosynthesis
blue-purple zone/400nm-500nm
159
is green light absorbed by chlorophyll pigments
no
160
what wavelengths are also suitable for photosynthesis
red-orange zone/630nm-720nm
161
what happens to green light in chlorophyll pigments
it is reflected
162
what are the chlorophyll pigments
chlorophyll a & b
163
what are the accessory pigments
carotenoids
164
why do leaves turn red orange brown, etc in fall
there isn't enough sunlight or water for photosynthesis to take place
165
what happens to green chlorophyll in the fall
it disappears because there isn't enough sunlight to be converted to chemical energy
166
why does the red color in leaves happen
there is food, carbohydrates trapped in the leaf
167
why does the brown color in leaves happen
there is waste that is trapped in the leaf
