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BioLab > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the metric system commonly called

A

English System

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2
Q

What is the basic unit of linear measurement

A

meter

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3
Q

what is the stand metric unit of weight

A

gram

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4
Q

what is the basic unit of liquid volume

A

liter

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5
Q

what is the unit of temperature used in the metric system

A

celsius

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6
Q

how to find celsius

A

(F-32)/1.8

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7
Q

how to find farenheit

A

1.8 x C + 32

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8
Q

what is used to measure temperatrure

A

thermometer

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9
Q

when converting from larger to smaller units

A

multiply

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10
Q

when converting form smaller to larger units

A

divide

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11
Q

what are the 2 kinds of data

A

discrete and continuous

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12
Q

values that are collected by counting or classifying types into units

A

discrete data

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13
Q

values collected based on measurement with a ruler or with a balance

A

continuous data

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14
Q

error due to a chance variation, not by any known cause. this error is unavoidable and is evaluated by statistical means

A

random error

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15
Q

error due to an experimental deficiency and can be described

A

systematic error

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16
Q

an error that can be corrected or avoided, it is preconceived notions as to how the results would be

A

illegitimate error

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17
Q

the smallest unit of subdivision of the measurement unit

A

precision

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18
Q

the sum of observations divided by the number of observations

A

mean

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19
Q

a measure of the difference between the upper and lower limits of a data set

A

range

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20
Q

weight of specimen/weight of water it displaced

A

specific gravity

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21
Q

an instrument used to examine objects too small for unaided eye

A

microscope

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22
Q

what is the lower limit for the human eye

A

0.1mm

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23
Q

the ability of the microscope to separate close objects is

A

resolution

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24
Q

calculated by multiplying the objective power by the ocular power

A

magnification

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25
Q

the most basic unit of life

A

cell

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26
Q

all living things are composed of

A

cells

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27
Q

what processes do cells use to reproduce themselves

A

meiosis and mitosis

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28
Q

who discovered the cell’s structure

A

Robert Hooke

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29
Q

what are the 2 cell types

A

prokaryotes & eukaryotes

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30
Q

bacteria and archaea are

A

prokaryotes

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31
Q

how many kingdoms do eukaryotes have

A

4

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32
Q

what are the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes

A

plantae, animalia, fungi, and protist

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33
Q

usually smaller in size

A

prokaryotes

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34
Q

usually bigger in size

A

eukaryotes

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35
Q

simpler in structure

A

prokaryotes

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36
Q

complex structure

A

eukaryotes

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37
Q

lacks most organelles

A

prokaryotes

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38
Q

nucleus enclosed by membrane

A

eukaryotes

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39
Q

cell wall lacks cellulose

A

prokaryotes

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40
Q

what does the cell wall of prokaryotes contain

A

peptidoglycan

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41
Q

cell wall contains cellulose

A

eukaryotes

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42
Q

what are the 4 different types of macromolecules

A

monosaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, and protein

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43
Q

salivary amylase is

A

an enzyme

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44
Q

indicates whether the experimental system is working properly

A

positive control

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45
Q

indicates if some external factor is giving false positive result

A

negative control

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46
Q

what are the 4 macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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47
Q

what are the 3 categories of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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48
Q

glucose and fructose are

A

monosaccharides

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49
Q

sucrose is

A

disaccharide

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50
Q

starch and cellulose are

A

polyssaccharides

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51
Q

what is the general function of carbohydrates

A

energy, structure, storage, and cellular processes

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52
Q

general formula for carbohydrates

A

C(H2O)n

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53
Q

refereed to as mono-, di- or trisaccharides

A

small sugar molecules

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54
Q

polymers of shorter length

A

oligosaccharides

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55
Q

molecules of longest length

A

polysaccharides

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56
Q

most test for sugars are dependent on

A

aldehyde or ketone

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57
Q

what color does a carbohydrate turn when mixed with Benedict’s solution

A

orange red/brick red

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58
Q

used to detect the presence of reducing substances

A

benedict’s solution

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59
Q

what are the reducing sugars

A

glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose, and maltose

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60
Q

what color does a monosaccharide turn when mixed with benedict’s solution

A

blue to orange brown

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61
Q

used to detect the presence of polysaccharides such as starch

A

iodine reagent

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62
Q

what test is used for polyssacharides

A

iodine reagent

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63
Q

what test is used for monosaccharides

A

benedict’s reagent

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64
Q

what test is used for carbohydrates

A

benedict’s reagent

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65
Q

what color does a polysaccharides turn when undergoing the iodine test

A

bluish black

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66
Q

the common polysaccharide in animals

A

glycogen

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67
Q

what are the 5 categories of lipids

A

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids

68
Q

composed of fatty acids and glycerol

A

fats

69
Q

what are the 2 types of fats

A

saturated and unsaturated

70
Q

what are the characteristics of lipids

A

non-polar, hydrophobic, insoluble in water

71
Q

function of lipds

A

energy, storage, structure, insulation to body, organ protection

72
Q

3 forms of lipids

A

triglycerides, sterols, and phospholipids

73
Q

lipids primarily contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

74
Q

a lipid with a color

A

fat dye

75
Q

if fat dye dissolves or mixes with an unknown substance then

A

the unknown substance is a lipid

76
Q

what is used to test lipids

A

Sudan IV

77
Q

what color does Sudan IV turn lipids

A

red

78
Q

what does every cell require for its survival

A

protein

79
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

80
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

81
Q

what type of bonds do amino acids form

A

peptide bonds

82
Q

what do peptide bonds form

A

polypeptide chains

83
Q

what are structural proteins

A

used for support

84
Q

what are transport proteins

A

transport of other substances

85
Q

what are hormonal proteins

A

coordination of an organisms activities

86
Q

what are defensive proteins

A

protection against disease

87
Q

what are enzymatic proteins

A

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

88
Q

what test is used for proteins

A

Biuret test

89
Q

used to detect the presence of peptide bonds

A

biuret test

90
Q

what color do proteins turn during the biuret test

A

purple

91
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids

A

RNA & DNA

92
Q

have nucleotide chains, posses phosphodiester bonds, and present in linear and stranded forms

A

DNA & RNA

93
Q

what are nucleotides composed of

A

Nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group

94
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases of nucleotides

A

purine pyrimidine

95
Q

what sugar is used in nucleotides

A

pentose sugar

96
Q

what bonds are nucleotides joined together by

A

phosphodiester bonds

97
Q

what test is used for nucleic acids

A

dische test

98
Q

what color is a positive result in the dische test

A

blue(indicates DNA)

99
Q

what color is a negative result in the dische test

A

clear

100
Q

defined as the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution

A

pH

101
Q

dictates whether the solution is acidic, neutral, or alkaline

A

pH

102
Q

what can be used measure pH

A

pH paper & pH meter

103
Q

a solution with a pH of 7 is

A

neutral

104
Q

a solution with a pH less than 7

A

acidic

105
Q

a solution with a pH greater than 7 is

A

alkaline or basic

106
Q

the cell membrane consist of

A

a lipid bilayer

107
Q

what does the cell membrane structure determine

A

what solutes or solvents enters or leaves the cell

108
Q

what is the constant movement of molecules and small particles

A

brownian motion or brownian movement

109
Q

the process by which molecules randomly move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

diffusion/molecular diffusion

110
Q

the grams of material(solute) dissolved in 100ml of water(solvent)

A

percent solution

111
Q

consists of a solute and a solvent

A

solution

112
Q

the dissolved substance in a solution

A

solute

113
Q

a liquid that dissolves another material

A

solvent

114
Q

expresses concentration in moles per volume

A

molar solution

115
Q

also referred to as the molecular weight of a substance dissolved in enough water to make 1 liter of solution

A

molar solution

116
Q

the process by which water moves from an area of high water potential(low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential(high solute concentration) through a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

117
Q

a solution with the same water concentration as the cell there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane

A

isotonic

118
Q

a solution with a lower water concentration than the cell the cell will lose water by osmosis

A

hypertonic

119
Q

a solution with a high water concentration than the cell the cell will gain water by osmosis

A

hypotonic

120
Q

the breaking open of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid

A

hemolysis

121
Q

the formation of abnormal notchings due to the loss of water by osmosis

A

crenation

122
Q

the process by which the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water by osmosis

A

plasmolysis

123
Q

proteins that catalyze(increase) the rate of chemical reactions

A

enzymes

124
Q

what do enzymes do to activation energy

A

lower them

125
Q

are enzymes used up in a reaction

A

no

126
Q

do enzymes alter the equilibrium of a reaction

A

no

127
Q

what is the standard enzyme equation

A

enzyme(E) + substrate(S) — enzyme + substrate (ES) — E + P

128
Q

the basis for most single-substrate enzyme kinetics

A

michaelis-menten equation

129
Q

v0 represents

A

intial reaction rate

130
Q

s represents

A

substrate concentration

131
Q

Vmax represents

A

enzymes maximum rate (constant)

132
Q

explains how the initial reaction rate depends on the rate of constant and the substrate-binding equilibrium

A

michaelis-menten equation

133
Q

molecules that bind to the enzyme to decrease the enzymes activity

A

inhibitors

134
Q

molecules that bind to the enzyme to increase the enzymes activity

A

activators

135
Q

what can affect enzyme activity

A

molecules (inhibitors and activators), temperature, chemical environment(pH), & substrate or enzyme concentration

136
Q

hydrolyses the α-1-, 4-glycosidic bonds in starch and converts it to sugar

A

amylase

137
Q

hydrolyses lactose into galactose and glucose monomers

A

lactase

138
Q

catalyses the fermentation of sugar into CO2 and ethanol

A

zymase

139
Q

joins DNA fragments together

A

DNA ligase

140
Q

decomposes hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

A

catalase

141
Q

life is driven by

A

energy

142
Q

all the activities that organisms carry out use

A

energy

143
Q

where does all of life’s energy ultimately come from

A

the sun

144
Q

converts radiant energy to chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

145
Q

self-feeders

A

autotrophs

146
Q

all organisms live on the energy produced by

A

autotrophs

147
Q

do not have the ability to produce their own food

A

heterotrophs

148
Q

what percentage of organisms are heterotrophs

A

95%

149
Q

what do plants depend on to capture energy from the sun

A

leaves

150
Q

contains chlorophyll for capturing the sun’s energy

A

mesophyll

151
Q

traps light energy to make food

A

chlorophyll

152
Q

what turns iodine dark blue

A

starch

153
Q

where is the chlorophyll pigment struck in photosynthesis

A

thylakoid

154
Q

what 2 forms of energy is the sun’s energy converted into during photosynthesis

A

ATP & NADPH

155
Q

what are the light reactions of photosynthesis

A

ATP & NADPH

156
Q

is the byproduct of photosynthesis

A

oxygen

157
Q

occurs in the absence of sunlight where the enzyme RUBisCo captures CO2 from the atmosphere

A

Calvin Cycle

158
Q

what is the best wavelength for photosynthesis

A

blue-purple zone/400nm-500nm

159
Q

is green light absorbed by chlorophyll pigments

A

no

160
Q

what wavelengths are also suitable for photosynthesis

A

red-orange zone/630nm-720nm

161
Q

what happens to green light in chlorophyll pigments

A

it is reflected

162
Q

what are the chlorophyll pigments

A

chlorophyll a & b

163
Q

what are the accessory pigments

A

carotenoids

164
Q

why do leaves turn red orange brown, etc in fall

A

there isn’t enough sunlight or water for photosynthesis to take place

165
Q

what happens to green chlorophyll in the fall

A

it disappears because there isn’t enough sunlight to be converted to chemical energy

166
Q

why does the red color in leaves happen

A

there is food, carbohydrates trapped in the leaf

167
Q

why does the brown color in leaves happen

A

there is waste that is trapped in the leaf

BioLab (1 decks)

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