Final Flashcards

(82 cards)

1
Q

what is Mosaic Evolution?

A

when rate of evolution varies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

defining characteristic of hominin evolution

A

bipedal locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how far back did the earliest known ancestors live?

A

6 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

three explanations for bipedalism?

A
  1. carrying and manipulating objects (tools/food/infants)
  2. predator avoidance (standing up to see further)
  3. energy efficient travel
    (moderation of heat stress, saves 50% of daily calories)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

current ideas on where hominins first lived?

A

forest/woodlands
mixed landscapes
savannah

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

position of foramen magnum in humans compared to chimps?

A

towards the center for humans
further back for chimps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mechanics of Bipedalism?

four

A

pelvis is short back to front
long legs relative to body and arms
foot with double arch
foramen magnum position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where was the earliest hominin found? how old was it?

A

Chad, 6 million years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name of the first hominin?

A

sahelanthropus tchadensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

basic information of tchadensis?

features (3) , characteristics that suggest bipedalism (2) , habitat (1)

A
  1. jaw and teeth resemble an ape
  2. ape sized brain
  3. non-protruding face
  4. base of skull + thigh bone suggests bipedalism
  5. habitat is forest land, near a lake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

who discovered the first hominin skull? what was its name?

A

Michel Brunet, Toumai

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

after tchadensis, what species is next? where is it found? how old is it?

A

Ardipithecus ramidus, found in Ethiopia, 4.4 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

basic information of ardipithecus?

habitat, bipedal characteristics, interesting characteristics (2)?

A
  1. wooded habitat
  2. femur and pelvis indicate bipedalism
  3. long arms and large hands
  4. grasping feet - opposable big toe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

named Ardipithecus ramidus? what did it tell us?

A

Ardi, gave insight on last common ancestor of chimps and humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how many species in the australopith gene?

A

nine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

australopith general characteristics?

how does it move, brain and teeth size

A
  1. bipedal
  2. small brain
  3. large premolars and molars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

oldest australopithecus species?

A

australopithecus anamensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what species comes after a. anamensis?

A

a. afarensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

date range of a. afarensis?

A

3.9 - 3.0 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where were a. afarensis bones found?

two places

A

Afar, Ethiopia and Tanzania, Laetoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

physical characteristics of a. afarensis?

four

A

short legs, sexual dimorphism, curved phalanges, had a hyoid like an apes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Laetoli footprints?

A

1,000s were found perserved in volcanic ash. footprints included animals’ and at least two hominids who were bipedal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

special A. afarensis and why? where was it found?

A

Lucy, special because her skeleton is very complete, found in Hadar, Ethiopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

younger special A. afarensis and importance? where was it found?

A

Selam, three year old, found in Ethiopia, important because it is a mostly complete female infant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Paranthropus date range?
2.5 - 1 mya
26
Paranthropus physical characteristics | four
heads built for heavy chewing massive teeth and jaws (diet was tough grasses and seeds) sagittal chest sexual dimorphism
27
last Australopithecus ? what is the date range?
A. sediba, 2 mya
28
what is interesting about A. sediba?
had both australopithecus and homo traits
29
physical characteristics of A. sediba? | five
small brain, long arms, curved fingers, short fingers, brain reorganization
30
unique A. sediba trait?
distinctive foot - suggests landing on the outside of the foot and rolling inward
31
Homo habilis date range?
2.3 to 1.4 mya
32
where were H. habilis bones found? who were they discovered by?
east africa - Tanzania and Kenya, discovered by Louis Leakey
33
importance of H. habilis?
first species definitely associated with tools
34
what was Darwin's explanation? is it right or wrong?
believed brain, tools, and bipedalism all evolved together. THIS IS WRONG
35
what characteristic evolved first?
bipedalism
36
early Homo's response to habitat changes? | four
increased dietary range, larger and reorganized brains, tool use, adaptations in skull and teeth
37
Homo Erectus key note?
first out of Africa!!!
38
where are H. erectus found? | three main sites + what is important about each
most specimens in Kenya earliest dated in Dmanisi first found in Indonesia
39
date range - Homo erectus?
1.8 mya
40
H. erectus physical characteristics? | brain size, teeth, anything on skull (3)
brain size relatively same as H. habilis dental patters indicate meat eating nuchal torus at back of skull brow ridges sagittal keel
41
postcranial skeleton of H. erectus? | abilities
capable of endurance running reduction of gut size
42
what species flourished during the Pleistocene era? what does this indicate?
H. erectus, indicates adaptive flexibility via extrasomatic adaptation
43
date range of middle pleistocene
780,000 - 125,000 ya
44
date range of late pleistocene
125,000 - 10,000 ya
45
H. erectus in Africa named?
Turkana boy
46
Turkana boy discovered by
Komoya Kimeu and Richard Leakey
47
Turkana boy dated to? where was he found?
1.6M years old, found in Kenya
48
Turkana Boy importance?
80 percent complete endurance running
49
H. erectus in Europe found where? dated to when?
Dmanisi, earliest date to 1.8 mya
50
what style tools did H. erectus in Europe use
Oldowan
51
name of cave sight in China? what species is found there?
Zhoukoudian, H. erectus
52
H. erectus in SE Asia, name of found fossil? dated to when?
found in Indonesia called "Java Man" 1.6 mya
53
importance of H. erectus in SE Asia?
spread rapidly, suggesting high degree of adaptive success, increasing intelligence, and and use of tools
54
H. erectus in W Europe - found in what two countries and where exactly? which one is more recent?
Spain, Atapuerca and Ceprano Italy. Ceprano is more recent
55
date range of Atapuerca fossils? what type of tools were found?
1.2 mya, Oldowan
56
Oldowan style tool importance and characteristic?
first emigrants took this style with them quick and easy - easily replaced
57
Acheulian style characteristics and importance?
apparent forethought found across entire H. erectus range
58
physical characteristics of H. erectus? | two
efficient long distance walking and running increase in body size, esp height
59
cause of rapid increase in H. erectus physical characteristics? (two causes)
increased access to animal food and group cooperation in hunting
60
name and date range of first premodern human
h. heidelbergensis 800,000 ya
61
what pleistocene era was h. heidelbergensis from
middle
62
h. heidelbergensis dietary adaptations? | what decreases and increases in size?
decrease - face, jaws, premolars and molars increase - incisors
63
importance of increase in size of incisors?
selection favoured teeth that started big so they could ground down more
64
evidence that heidelbergensis were hunting? were was it found?
wooden spears found in Schöningen, Germany
65
heidelbergensis sites found in what countries? (five)
Ethiopia, Kabwe, China, Spain, and Germany
66
date range and location of heidelbergensis in Africa? importance of this find?
600,000 - 125,000 ya Bodo was found in Ethiopia, evidence of cannibalism or ritualistic behaviour
66
second find of heidelbergensis in Africa? characteristic of this find?
Kabwe - non-modern features
66
date range and location of heidelbergensis site in germany? characteristic?
300,000 ya Shöningen shaped wooden spears and horse carcasses found
66
date range of heidelbergensis site in china? characteristic?
230,000 ya - 180,000 ya thinner skull bones
66
date range and location of heidelbergensis site in spain? characteristic?
650,000 ya Pit of Bones 80% of all known heidelbergensis
67
when and where were Neandertals first discovered?
1829 in Belgium
67
when and where were Neandertals named
1856, Neander Valley, Germany
67
date range of Neandertals
130,000 to 28,000 ya
68
Neandertal postcranial features?
relatively short and stocky limb and shoulder bones rugged with strong muscle attachments
69
live span of Neandertals? health problems?
lived around 40-45 years had arthritis, tooth loss, healed serious injuries
70
did Neandertals talk?
presence of hyoid bone found in Kebara
71
what gene correlates with speech and language?
FOXP2
72
what tool technique was developed by heidelbergensis and perfected by Neandertals?
Levallois technique
73
importance of Levallois technique?
very sharp finished tool saves time finding raw materal ability to visualize finished tool
74
interesting find about Neandertal hunting?
Neandertals hunted animals, cut the best parts, and only carried those back to the sites
75
what analysis(') show that Neandertals ate meat?
stable isotope analysis and stress markers in teeth
76
what did humans get from Neandertals?
improved immune system Human Leukocyte antigens (HLA)