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Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is Mosaic Evolution?

A

when rate of evolution varies

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2
Q

defining characteristic of hominin evolution

A

bipedal locomotion

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3
Q

how far back did the earliest known ancestors live?

A

6 million years ago

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4
Q

three explanations for bipedalism?

A
  1. carrying and manipulating objects (tools/food/infants)
  2. predator avoidance (standing up to see further)
  3. energy efficient travel
    (moderation of heat stress, saves 50% of daily calories)
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5
Q

current ideas on where hominins first lived?

A

forest/woodlands
mixed landscapes
savannah

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6
Q

position of foramen magnum in humans compared to chimps?

A

towards the center for humans
further back for chimps

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7
Q

mechanics of Bipedalism?

four

A

pelvis is short back to front
long legs relative to body and arms
foot with double arch
foramen magnum position

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8
Q

where was the earliest hominin found? how old was it?

A

Chad, 6 million years

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9
Q

name of the first hominin?

A

sahelanthropus tchadensis

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10
Q

basic information of tchadensis?

features (3) , characteristics that suggest bipedalism (2) , habitat (1)

A
  1. jaw and teeth resemble an ape
  2. ape sized brain
  3. non-protruding face
  4. base of skull + thigh bone suggests bipedalism
  5. habitat is forest land, near a lake
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11
Q

who discovered the first hominin skull? what was its name?

A

Michel Brunet, Toumai

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12
Q

after tchadensis, what species is next? where is it found? how old is it?

A

Ardipithecus ramidus, found in Ethiopia, 4.4 mya

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13
Q

basic information of ardipithecus?

habitat, bipedal characteristics, interesting characteristics (2)?

A
  1. wooded habitat
  2. femur and pelvis indicate bipedalism
  3. long arms and large hands
  4. grasping feet - opposable big toe
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14
Q

named Ardipithecus ramidus? what did it tell us?

A

Ardi, gave insight on last common ancestor of chimps and humans

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15
Q

how many species in the australopith gene?

A

nine

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16
Q

australopith general characteristics?

how does it move, brain and teeth size

A
  1. bipedal
  2. small brain
  3. large premolars and molars
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17
Q

oldest australopithecus species?

A

australopithecus anamensis

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18
Q

what species comes after a. anamensis?

A

a. afarensis

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19
Q

date range of a. afarensis?

A

3.9 - 3.0 mya

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20
Q

where were a. afarensis bones found?

two places

A

Afar, Ethiopia and Tanzania, Laetoli

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21
Q

physical characteristics of a. afarensis?

four

A

short legs, sexual dimorphism, curved phalanges, had a hyoid like an apes

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22
Q

Laetoli footprints?

A

1,000s were found perserved in volcanic ash. footprints included animals’ and at least two hominids who were bipedal

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23
Q

special A. afarensis and why? where was it found?

A

Lucy, special because her skeleton is very complete, found in Hadar, Ethiopia

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24
Q

younger special A. afarensis and importance? where was it found?

A

Selam, three year old, found in Ethiopia, important because it is a mostly complete female infant

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25
Q

Paranthropus date range?

A

2.5 - 1 mya

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26
Q

Paranthropus physical characteristics

four

A

heads built for heavy chewing
massive teeth and jaws (diet was tough grasses and seeds)
sagittal chest
sexual dimorphism

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27
Q

last Australopithecus ? what is the date range?

A

A. sediba, 2 mya

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28
Q

what is interesting about A. sediba?

A

had both australopithecus and homo traits

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29
Q

physical characteristics of A. sediba?

five

A

small brain, long arms, curved fingers, short fingers, brain reorganization

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30
Q

unique A. sediba trait?

A

distinctive foot - suggests landing on the outside of the foot and rolling inward

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31
Q

Homo habilis date range?

A

2.3 to 1.4 mya

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32
Q

where were H. habilis bones found? who were they discovered by?

A

east africa - Tanzania and Kenya, discovered by Louis Leakey

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33
Q

importance of H. habilis?

A

first species definitely associated with tools

34
Q

what was Darwin’s explanation? is it right or wrong?

A

believed brain, tools, and bipedalism all evolved together. THIS IS WRONG

35
Q

what characteristic evolved first?

A

bipedalism

36
Q

early Homo’s response to habitat changes?

four

A

increased dietary range, larger and reorganized brains, tool use, adaptations in skull and teeth

37
Q

Homo Erectus key note?

A

first out of Africa!!!

38
Q

where are H. erectus found?

three main sites + what is important about each

A

most specimens in Kenya
earliest dated in Dmanisi
first found in Indonesia

39
Q

date range - Homo erectus?

A

1.8 mya

40
Q

H. erectus physical characteristics?

brain size, teeth, anything on skull (3)

A

brain size relatively same as H. habilis
dental patters indicate meat eating
nuchal torus at back of skull
brow ridges
sagittal keel

41
Q

postcranial skeleton of H. erectus?

abilities

A

capable of endurance running
reduction of gut size

42
Q

what species flourished during the Pleistocene era? what does this indicate?

A

H. erectus, indicates adaptive flexibility via extrasomatic adaptation

43
Q

date range of middle pleistocene

A

780,000 - 125,000 ya

44
Q

date range of late pleistocene

A

125,000 - 10,000 ya

45
Q

H. erectus in Africa named?

A

Turkana boy

46
Q

Turkana boy discovered by

A

Komoya Kimeu and Richard Leakey

47
Q

Turkana boy dated to? where was he found?

A

1.6M years old, found in Kenya

48
Q

Turkana Boy importance?

A

80 percent complete
endurance running

49
Q

H. erectus in Europe found where? dated to when?

A

Dmanisi, earliest date to 1.8 mya

50
Q

what style tools did H. erectus in Europe use

A

Oldowan

51
Q

name of cave sight in China? what species is found there?

A

Zhoukoudian, H. erectus

52
Q

H. erectus in SE Asia, name of found fossil? dated to when?

A

found in Indonesia
called “Java Man”
1.6 mya

53
Q

importance of H. erectus in SE Asia?

A

spread rapidly, suggesting high degree of adaptive success, increasing intelligence, and and use of tools

54
Q

H. erectus in W Europe - found in what two countries and where exactly? which one is more recent?

A

Spain, Atapuerca and Ceprano Italy. Ceprano is more recent

55
Q

date range of Atapuerca fossils? what type of tools were found?

A

1.2 mya, Oldowan

56
Q

Oldowan style tool importance and characteristic?

A

first emigrants took this style with them
quick and easy - easily replaced

57
Q

Acheulian style characteristics and importance?

A

apparent forethought
found across entire H. erectus range

58
Q

physical characteristics of H. erectus?

two

A

efficient long distance walking and running
increase in body size, esp height

59
Q

cause of rapid increase in H. erectus physical characteristics? (two causes)

A

increased access to animal food and group cooperation in hunting

60
Q

name and date range of first premodern human

A

h. heidelbergensis
800,000 ya

61
Q

what pleistocene era was h. heidelbergensis from

A

middle

62
Q

h. heidelbergensis dietary adaptations?

what decreases and increases in size?

A

decrease - face, jaws, premolars and molars
increase - incisors

63
Q

importance of increase in size of incisors?

A

selection favoured teeth that started big so they could ground down more

64
Q

evidence that heidelbergensis were hunting? were was it found?

A

wooden spears found in Schöningen, Germany

65
Q

heidelbergensis sites found in what countries? (five)

A

Ethiopia, Kabwe, China, Spain, and Germany

66
Q

date range and location of heidelbergensis in Africa? importance of this find?

A

600,000 - 125,000 ya
Bodo was found in Ethiopia, evidence of cannibalism or ritualistic behaviour

66
Q

second find of heidelbergensis in Africa? characteristic of this find?

A

Kabwe - non-modern features

66
Q

date range and location of heidelbergensis site in germany? characteristic?

A

300,000 ya
Shöningen
shaped wooden spears and horse carcasses found

66
Q

date range of heidelbergensis site in china? characteristic?

A

230,000 ya - 180,000 ya
thinner skull bones

66
Q

date range and location of heidelbergensis site in spain? characteristic?

A

650,000 ya
Pit of Bones
80% of all known heidelbergensis

67
Q

when and where were Neandertals first discovered?

A

1829 in Belgium

67
Q

when and where were Neandertals named

A

1856, Neander Valley, Germany

67
Q

date range of Neandertals

A

130,000 to 28,000 ya

68
Q

Neandertal postcranial features?

A

relatively short and stocky
limb and shoulder bones rugged with strong muscle attachments

69
Q

live span of Neandertals? health problems?

A

lived around 40-45 years
had arthritis, tooth loss, healed serious injuries

70
Q

did Neandertals talk?

A

presence of hyoid bone found in Kebara

71
Q

what gene correlates with speech and language?

A

FOXP2

72
Q

what tool technique was developed by heidelbergensis and perfected by Neandertals?

A

Levallois technique

73
Q

importance of Levallois technique?

A

very sharp finished tool
saves time finding raw materal
ability to visualize finished tool

74
Q

interesting find about Neandertal hunting?

A

Neandertals hunted animals, cut the best parts, and only carried those back to the sites

75
Q

what analysis(‘) show that Neandertals ate meat?

A

stable isotope analysis and stress markers in teeth

76
Q

what did humans get from Neandertals?

A

improved immune system
Human Leukocyte antigens (HLA)

bio anthro (2 decks)

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