Final Flashcards
What common disorder occurs in winter due to less sunlight and more melatonin production?
Seasonal depression - chemical change in body due to shorter days and less daylight in fall/winter
What is the source of energy used for muscle contractions?
ATP - Adenine Triphosphate - source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
What is the difference between young and adult bone in the medullary cavity?
Young - filled with red marrow
Adult - filled with yellow marrow
What are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach and what is the function of each?
Rumen - storage, end-product is VFAs
Reticulum - allows for regurgitation
Omasum - absorption of water and nutrients
Abomasum - “true stomach” chemical digestion and release of gastric juices
What are sensory neurons known as?
Afferent neurons that transmit sensory signals to the CNS from receptors in the body
Define rigor mortis
Stiffening of the body after death due to lack of ATP
What is the end product of rumen fermentation?
VFA
What nervous system is known as the “rest and digest” division
Parasympathetic nervous system
What hormone does the pineal gland release?
Melatonin
What term means the back (spinal aspect) of the animal?
Dorsal
Which muscle tissue helps you move heavy items?
Skeletal muscle
What is the name of the protein that aids in clotting the blood?
Fibrinogen is produced by the liver that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates
What hormone may a child be deficient in when they are not growing at the proper rate?
Growth Hormone (GH)
Define homeostasis
Maintenance of internal body environment
List two diseases of the adrenal gland
Cushing disease - excessive cortisol secretion
Addisons disease - deficiency of adrenal steroids
What is the difference between type I and type II diabetes?
Type 1: juvenile-onset, insulin dependent, immune disease where insulin is not produced in the body
Type 2: adult-onset, non-insulin dependent, cells are resistant to the effects of insulin
What are two functions of saliva in the oral cavity?
Taste, neutralization of acid, moistening food, thermoregulation, defense against bacteria
Define the difference between blood serum and blood plasma
Blood serum can clot while blood plasma cannot since it contains an anti-clotting agent
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic division (arousing) and Parasympathetic (calming) division
Name the 3 functional classes of neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Association (interneurons) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
What are the three hormones that control blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin, parathyroid, and vitamin D
Explain the importance and function of hemoglobin
Hemoglobin helps transport oxygen throughout the body
Describe the functions of vasopressin and where it comes from
Released from the posterior pituitary gland
Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction
What are the differences in the fermentation process of a hindgut fermenter and a ruminant stomach?
Hindgut fermentation occurs in the large intestine while ruminant fermentation occurs in the rumen
What part of the neuron does Action Potential take place?
Axon
The avian species have a well-supported diaphragm
False
When amphibian species are living on land, they do most of their breathing through their skin. This is known as _____
Cutaneous respiration
Define Residual Volume (RV)
It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation
Where does most of the water absorption take place in the digestive system?
small intestine
What is the pituitary gland also known as?
Hypophysis
Give ONE example of how your body tries to maintain homeostasis.
sweating, drinking water, and shivering
Oxygen binds to ____ molecules in the hemoglobin of RBCs
Iron
What is a synapse?
The site of action where neurons communicate
What are the two functions of water?
To transport nutrients and regulate body temperature
What does the myelin sheath do?
It acts as an electrical insulator
Osmo concentration is when water is removed from the lumen, leaving solutes behind, and producing a more concentrated excretory fluid
True
Where does saltatory conduction take place?
Nodes of Ranvier
Define RAAS
RAAS is the system involved in the sensation and control of blood pressure; involves liver, kidney, and lung
List out the five functions of Angiotensin II
Absorbs sodium, vasoconstrictor, stimulates thirst, releases vasopressin, and releases aldosterone
The stages of RAAS
release of renin, angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, angiotensin II to aldosterone
