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Therex > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The flow of energy in a biological system: the conversion of macronutrients into biologically usable forms of energy

A

Bioenergetics

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2
Q

The breakdown of large molecules into
smaller molecules, associated with the release of
energy

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

The synthesis of larger molecules from
smaller molecules; can be accomplished using the
energy released from catabolic reactions

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

Energy-releasing reactions that
are generally catabolic.

A

Exergonic reactions

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5
Q

Require energy and include
anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle.

A

Endergoinc reactions

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6
Q

The total of all the catabolic or exergonic
and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological
system.

A

Metabolism

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7
Q

Allows the transfer of
energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions.

A

Adenosis triphosphate (ATP)

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8
Q

Three basic energy systems exist in muscle
cells to replenish ATP:

A

Phosphagen, glycolysis, oxidative system

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9
Q

short-term, high-intensity activities (e.g.,
resistance training and sprinting)

A

Phosphagen system

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10
Q

active at the start of all exercise regardless of
intensity
• Creatine kinase catalyzes the synthesis of ATP
from CP and ADP

A

Phosphagen system

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11
Q

The breakdown of
carbohydrates—either
glycogen stored in the
muscle or glucose
delivered in the blood—
to resynthesize AT

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

The end result of glycolysis (pyruvate) may
proceed in one of two directions:

A
  1. Pyruvate can be converted to lactate
    • Anaerobic glycolysis, faster, shorter duration
  2. Pyruvate can be shuttled into the mitochondria
    • Aerobic glycolysis (Krebs cycle), slower, longer duration
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13
Q

Marker of anaerobic threshold

A

Lactate threshold

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14
Q

The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins

A

an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration

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15
Q

LACTATE THRESHOLD in untrained individuals

A

50% to 60% VO2max

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16
Q

Lactate threshold in aerobically trained athletes

A

70-80%

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17
Q

0-6 second extremely high

A

Phosphagen

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18
Q

6-30sec very high

A

Phosphagen and glycolysis

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19
Q

Greater than 3 min, low

A

Oxidative

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20
Q

2-3 min, moderate

A

Fast glycolysis and oxidative

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21
Q

Oxidative system=

A

Aerobic

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22
Q

Primary source of ATP at
rest and during low-
intensity activities

A

Oxidative (Aerobic)

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23
Q

Primarily uses
carbohydrates and fats

A

Oxidative (aerobic system)

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24
Q

Creatine phosphate can decrease markedly
(50-70%) during the

A

first stage (5-30 seconds) of high-
intensity exercise and can be almost eliminated as a
result of very intense exercise to exhaustion

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25
Q

Complete resynthesis of ATP appears to occur within

A

3-5 min

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26
Q

complete creatine phosphate
resynthesis can occur within

A

8 minutes

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27
Q

The rate of glycogen depletion is related to

A

Exercise intensity

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28
Q

• >60% of VO2max, muscle glycogen becomes more

A

Important

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29
Q

Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to

A

Postexercise carbohydrate ingestion

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30
Q

EPOC =

A

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption

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31
Q

Oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the preexercise condition; also called postexercise oxygen uptake, oxygen debt, or recovery O2

A

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

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32
Q

Guidelines and special
considerations
– Body mechanics of the
therapist – Application of manual
resistance and
stabilization – Verbal commands

A

Manual resistance

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33
Q

Elastic resistance, free weights, cables, body weight

A

Mechanical resistance

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34
Q

Muscle contracts and produces force without visible joint movement

A

Isometric exercise

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35
Q

Muscle-setting exercises • Stabilization exercises • Multiple-angle isometrics
– Characteristics and effects
• Intensity of muscle contraction
• Duration of muscle activation
• Repetitive contractions
• Joint angle and mode specificity
• Sources of resistance

A

Isometric exercise

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36
Q

Constant resistance

A

Isotonic

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37
Q

Constant velocity (speed)
• Training effects and
– Range and selection of
carryover to function
training velocities – Limitations in carryover – Reciprocal versus isolated
• Special considerations
muscle training for isokinetic training
– Specificity of training – Availability of equipment
– Compressive forces on joints – Appropriate set up
– Accommodation to fatigue – Initiation and
– Accommodation to a painful
progression of isokinetic arc
training during rehabilitation

A

Isokinetic exercise

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38
Q

Inflammation
– Inflammatory
neuromuscular disease – Inflammatory muscular
disease – Acute joint inflammation
• Severe cardiopulmonary
disease

A

Precautions and contraindications

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39
Q

Central adaptations
– Motor cortex activity increases
with increased load or novelty
– Many neural changes take place
along descending corticospinal
tracts
• Adaptations of motor units
– Increased
• Recruitment
• Rate of firing •
Synchronization of firing

A

Neural adaptations

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40
Q

• Increased total area •
More dispersed, irregularly shaped synapses and a
greater total length of nerve terminal branching
• Increased end-plate perimeter length and area, as
well as greater dispersion of acetylcholine
receptors within the end-plate region

A

Neuromuscular junction adaptations

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41
Q

increasing its size • facilitating fiber type transitions • enhancing its biochemical and ultra-structural
component

A

Muscular adaptations

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42
Q

Resistance training results in increases in both
Type I and Type II

A

Muscle fiber area

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43
Q

Type II fibers have greater increases in size
than

A

Type 1 fibers

44
Q

Speed training enhances

A

Calcium release

45
Q

Resistance training increases

A

Angle of pen nation

46
Q

the threshold
stimulus that initiates
new bone formation

A

Minimal essential strain
(MES) , 1/10 of the force required to fracture bone

47
Q

Forces that reach or exceed a threshold stimulus initiate new bone formation in the area experiencing the mechanical strain

A

Wolffs law

48
Q

• Volume of loading (FREQUENCY) • Magnitude of the load (INTENSITY) • Rate (speed) of loading (TIME) • Direction of the forces (TYPE)

A

Stimulating bone growth

49
Q

The primary stimulus is
the insult from

A

Mechanical forces

50
Q

Tissue adaptation is
proportional to

A

Intensity

51
Q

Sites of increased strength and load-bearing
capacity

A

At the junctions between the tendon (and
ligament) and bone surface
– Within the body of the tendon or ligament
– In the network of fascia within skeletal muscle

52
Q

increase in collagen fibril diameter

A

Hypertrophy

53
Q

increase in number of collagen fibrils

A

Hyperplasia

54
Q

• Exercise of low to moderate intensity does not
markedly change the

A

Collagen content of the connective tissue

55
Q

High-intensity loading results in a

A

net growth
of the involved connective tissues

56
Q

Forces should be exerted throughout the

A

full
range of motion of a joint

57
Q

How can patients stimulate cartilage adaptations

A

Weight-bearing forces and complete movement
throughout the range of motion seem to be
essential to maintaining tissue viability
• Moderate aerobic exercise seems adequate for
increasing cartilage thickness
• Strenuous exercise does not appear to cause
degenerative joint disease

58
Q

Acute anabolic hormonal responses

A

Upregulation of anabolic hormone receptors

59
Q

Consistent resistance training may improve the

A

acute hormonal response to an anaerobic workout

60
Q

Acute anaerobic exercise results in increased

A

Cardiac output
– Stroke volume
– Heart rate
– Oxygen uptake
– Systolic blood pressure
– Blood flow to active muscles

61
Q

Anaerobic training leads to decreases or no
change in

A

Resting HR and BP

62
Q

Heavier loads are most
effective for

A

Fiber recruitment

63
Q

Heavy resistance with
slow velocities =

A

Inc max strength

64
Q

High velocity training =

A

Inc power

65
Q

Peak power output is maximized during the
jump squat with loads corresponding to

A

30%
to 60% of squat 1RM

66
Q

For the upper body, peak power output can be
maximized during the ballistic bench press
throw using loads corresponding to

A

46% to
62% of 1RM bench press

67
Q

Local muscular endurance causes increased

A

– fiber type transitions – buffering capacity – resistance to fatigue – metabolic enzyme activity

68
Q

Increase fat-free mass and reduce body fat by
1% to 9%

A

Body composition

69
Q

Body composition inc

A

– lean tissue mass – daily metabolic rate – energy expenditure

70
Q

Combination of
resistance training and
stretching appears to be
Most effective for

A

Flexibility

71
Q

Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of
training that results in extreme fatigue, illness,
or injury

A

Overtraining

72
Q

Excessive training on a short-term basis is
called

A

Overreaching

73
Q

Psychological effects:
– decreased desire to train
– decreased joy from training

A

Markers of overtraining

74
Q

Acute epinephrine and norepinephrine increases
beyond normal exercise-induced levels

A

Sympathetic overtraining syndrome

75
Q

– Chronic use of high intensity or high volume or a
combination of the two – Too rapid a rate of progression

A

Mistakes lead to anaerobic overtraining

76
Q

Decrement in performance and loss of
accumulated physiological adaptations
following the cessation of anaerobic training
• Can also occur when there is a substantial
decrease in training frequency, volume, or
intensity

A

Detraining

77
Q

When training or detraining one side, the
contralateral side will exhibit some
hypertrophy or atrophy

A

Motor overflow

78
Q

Elastic energy in the
musculotendinous
components is increased
with a

A

RAPID STRETCH THEN STORED

79
Q

If a concentric muscle action
follows immediately, the
stored energy is released,
increasing the

A

TOTAL FORCE PRODUCTION

80
Q

This model involves
potentiation (change in the
force–velocity characteristics of
the muscle’s contractile
components caused by stretch)
of the concentric muscle action
by use of the stretch reflex

A

NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL

81
Q

the body’s
involuntary response to an
external stimulus that stretches
the muscles

A

STRETCH REFLEX

82
Q

STRETCH OF THE AGONIST MUSCLE

A

ECCENTRIC

83
Q

PAUSE BTWN PHASES 1 AND 2 (ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS)

A

AMORTIZATION

84
Q

42 TO 72 HOURS BETWEEN

A

PLYOMETRIC SESSIONS

85
Q

2 TO 3 PLYOMETRIC SESSIONS PER WEEK

A
86
Q

ORDER OF EXERCISE

A

ACTIVE/PASSIVE WARM UP
POWER
NONPOWER PRIMARY
ADJUNCTIVE

87
Q

requires the ability to accelerate and
reach maximal velocity

A

SPEED

88
Q

performance requires the use of
perceptual–cognitive ability in combination
with the ability to decelerate and then
reaccelerate in an intended direction

A

AGILITY

89
Q

is the change in momentum resulting from a force,
measured as the product of force and time.

A

IMPULSE

90
Q

The development of maximal force in minimal time, typically
used as an index of explosive strength.

A

RATE OF FORCE DEVELOPMENT

91
Q

INC IN NEURAL DRIVE

A

contribute to increases in the athlete’s RFD and
impulse generation

92
Q

The amount of blood
pumped by the heart in liters per minute
(SV × HR)

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT

93
Q

From rest to steady-state aerobic exercise, cardiac
output initially

A

increases rapidly, then more
gradually, and subsequently reaches a plateau

94
Q

With maximal exercise, cardiac output may
increase to

A

4 TIMES THE RESTING LEVEL

95
Q

The quantity of blood ejected
with each beat • End-diastolic volume is significantly increased.

A

STROKE VOLUME

96
Q

HEART RATE INC LINEARLY WITH

A

INC IN INTENSITY

97
Q

The greatest amount of oxygen
that can be used at the cellular level for the entire body

A

MAX OXYGEN UPTAKE

98
Q

Estimated at 3.5 ml
of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml·kg–
1·min–1); this value is defined as 1 metabolic equivalent
(MET)

A

RESTING OXYGEN UPTAKE

99
Q

Increases during an acute bout of aerobic exercise

A

RESTING OXYEGN UPTAKE

100
Q

Most oxygen in blood is carried by

A

HEMOGLOBIN

101
Q

Most carbon dioxide removal is from its combination with
water and delivery to the lungs in the form of

A

BICARBONATE

102
Q

enough oxygen is
available that lactic acid does not accumulate because the
removal rate is greater than or equal to the production rate

A

LOW TO MODERATE INTENSITY EXERCISE

103
Q

Level at which blood lactate begins to show an increase is
the

A

onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

104
Q

Systolic blood pressure estimates the

A

pressure
exerted against the arterial walls as blood is
forcefully ejected during ventricular contraction

105
Q

used to estimate the
pressure exerted against the arterial walls when no
blood is being forcefully ejected through the
vessels

A

DIASTOLIC BLOOD

106
Q

Increased parasympathetic tone leads to
decreases in

A

resting and submaximal exercise
heart rates

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