final

Question 1

Urea does?
BME does?
SDS does?

Answer 1

Urea breaks non-covalent bonds like H-bonds
BME reduces disulfide bonds
SDS denatures protein

Question 2

DEAE for?

Answer 2

anion chromatography, negatively charged protein and positive resin.
deAe is for ANION

Question 3

How does CO2 allosteric modify Hb

Answer 3

CO2 is converted to H + and HCO3 - via carbonic anhydrase. More H+ favors T state

Question 4

lock and key vs induced fit vs preferential TS

Answer 4

lock and key: substrate fits perfectly at active site on enzyme
induced fit: Preferential TS

Question 5

kcat =

Answer 5

vmax / enzyme total concentration

Question 6

enzyme rate determining step is?

Answer 6

catalysis step = M and M assumption 1

Question 7

What is Q compared to K?

Answer 7

Q is reaction quotient
Q < K = spontaneous

Question 8

DHAP

Answer 8

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 9

When ATP is high, what is the only glucose/glycogen reaction turned on?

Answer 9

glycogen synthesis

Question 10

sources of pyruvate

Answer 10

lactate
AA
CO2 in plant chloroplasts
triglyercides

Question 11

Far eq reactions in TCA

Answer 11

Far: citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-keto deydrogenase

Question 12

Coenzyme Q name

Answer 12

ubiquinone

Question 13

Beta subunit of ATP synthase conformations?

Answer 13

O –> L –> T* where ATP is generated

Question 14

minor grooves make contact with? major grooves make contact with?

Answer 14

minor grooves makes contact with the backbone. Major grooves makes contact with the Nitrogen bases

Question 15

Hyperchromic shift?

Answer 15

hyperchromic shift is when the single stranded DNA has greater absorption of UV at 260 nm. At this point Tm has already passed because we melted dsDNA to ssDNA

Question 16

replisome

Question 17

during RNA synthesis, ____ NT is added.
During DNA synthesis ___ NT is added

Answer 17

RNA synthesis, ribonucleoside triphosphate is added.
during DNA synthesis, dNTP is added.

Question 18

translation in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Answer 18

prokaryotes have 70S ribsomes, and few IF and 1 RF
Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes (40+60) and many IFs and RFs

Question 19

Fidelity of DNA replication

Answer 19

Natural error rate 1x 10^-3
Afterwards is 1 x 10^-10
Via dNTP concentration is very controlled
And two step polymerase reaction that finds proper geometry first via base pairing THEN incorporates

Question 20

Polymerase active site and proofreading site location

Answer 20

Polymerase active site and proofreading site are adjacent but different sites. And as Polymerase 1 runs 5 to 3 it does polymerase activity and notice error will reverse to 3 to 5

Question 21

Primosome

Answer 21

Makes the RNA primers. Needed bc Pol cannot start a new chain, it can only elongate one

Question 22

How many Pol 3 enzymes in 1 fork

Answer 22

2 pol 3 enzymes in 1 form

Question 23

Polycystronic vs alternative splicing

Answer 23

Polycistronic means that the mature mRNA codes for multiple genes
Alternative splicing means that pre mature mRNA codes for multiple genes but after splicing the mature mRNA codes for 1 gene

Question 24

Wobble tRNA vs mRNA

Answer 24

Wobble means that there are multiple mRNA codons for 1 tRNA

Question 25

MW of lagging vs leading during replication

Answer 25

Leading strand higher MW bc has all bases and backbone whereas lagging is missing parts of backbone

Question 26

Carbons source for TCA

Answer 26

AA
Fatty acids
Pyruvate

Question 27

Myoglobin location?
Hb location?

Answer 27

Mb in muscles
Hb in blood

Question 28

When O2 is decreased, glycolysis switches to what and causes a change in what byproduct

Answer 28

Less O2 means anaerobic glycolysis and a buildup of lactate and alcohol if prokaryotes

Question 29

The adaptor molecule in translation is

Answer 29

tRNA, not the amino-acyl tRNA

Question 30

wobble is between __ tRNA and __ mRNA

Answer 30

5’ tRNA and 3’ mRNA

Question 31

full catalytic cycle of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase generates _ as a product.

Answer 31

AMP

Question 32

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence of mRNA base pairs with the _ rRNA within the prokaryote _ ribosomal subunit.

Answer 32

16S with rRNA and 30S for ribosomal subunit

Question 33

tRNAs interact with the ribosome only after

Answer 33

the large and small subunits have come together

Question 34

Which of the following RNA molecules has the LEAST number of different sequences in a given organism?

Answer 34

rRNA

Question 35

RNA is a highly dynamic biomolecule in that it

Answer 35

can fold and hydrogen bond with itself, DNA, proteins, or small molecules to adopt largely modified tertiary structures.

Question 36

The information gained from the DNA footprinting technique is the

Answer 36

location of a DNA binding protein on DNA.

Question 37

Which is required in the prokaryotic transcription initiation complex?
Eukaryotic

Answer 37

RNA polymerase
initiation factor
ribonucleotide triphosphate (NTP)
So doesn’t need primer

Eukaryotic doesn’t need a primer but does need
rNTP
RNAP
IF
TF
enhancers/silencers

Question 38

In E. coli, _ RNA-DNA base pairs are maintained and about ____ base pairs of single-stranded DNA are maintained in the transcription bubble.

Answer 38

8 for RNA and 17 for DNA

Question 39

___ increases with Enz increase but ___ doesn’t change

Answer 39

vmax increases with Enz increase but Kcat doesn’t change

Question 40

RNA synthesis requires ___s whereas
DNA synthesis requires ___s

Answer 40

RNA synthesis requires NTPs whereas
DNA synthesis requires dNTPs