final Flashcards
Urea does?
BME does?
SDS does?
Urea breaks non-covalent bonds like H-bonds
BME reduces disulfide bonds
SDS denatures protein
DEAE for?
anion chromatography, negatively charged protein and positive resin.
deAe is for ANION
How does CO2 allosteric modify Hb
CO2 is converted to H + and HCO3 - via carbonic anhydrase. More H+ favors T state
lock and key vs induced fit vs preferential TS
lock and key: substrate fits perfectly at active site on enzyme
induced fit: Preferential TS
kcat =
vmax / enzyme total concentration
enzyme rate determining step is?
catalysis step = M and M assumption 1
What is Q compared to K?
Q is reaction quotient
Q < K = spontaneous
DHAP
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
When ATP is high, what is the only glucose/glycogen reaction turned on?
glycogen synthesis
sources of pyruvate
lactate
AA
CO2 in plant chloroplasts
triglyercides
Far eq reactions in TCA
Far: citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-keto deydrogenase
Coenzyme Q name
ubiquinone
Beta subunit of ATP synthase conformations?
O –> L –> T* where ATP is generated
minor grooves make contact with? major grooves make contact with?
minor grooves makes contact with the backbone. Major grooves makes contact with the Nitrogen bases
Hyperchromic shift?
hyperchromic shift is when the single stranded DNA has greater absorption of UV at 260 nm. At this point Tm has already passed because we melted dsDNA to ssDNA
replisome
during RNA synthesis, ____ NT is added.
During DNA synthesis ___ NT is added
RNA synthesis, ribonucleoside triphosphate is added.
during DNA synthesis, dNTP is added.
translation in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
prokaryotes have 70S ribsomes, and few IF and 1 RF
Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes (40+60) and many IFs and RFs
Fidelity of DNA replication
Natural error rate 1x 10^-3
Afterwards is 1 x 10^-10
Via dNTP concentration is very controlled
And two step polymerase reaction that finds proper geometry first via base pairing THEN incorporates
Polymerase active site and proofreading site location
Polymerase active site and proofreading site are adjacent but different sites. And as Polymerase 1 runs 5 to 3 it does polymerase activity and notice error will reverse to 3 to 5
Primosome
Makes the RNA primers. Needed bc Pol cannot start a new chain, it can only elongate one
How many Pol 3 enzymes in 1 fork
2 pol 3 enzymes in 1 form
Polycystronic vs alternative splicing
Polycistronic means that the mature mRNA codes for multiple genes
Alternative splicing means that pre mature mRNA codes for multiple genes but after splicing the mature mRNA codes for 1 gene
Wobble tRNA vs mRNA
Wobble means that there are multiple mRNA codons for 1 tRNA
MW of lagging vs leading during replication
Leading strand higher MW bc has all bases and backbone whereas lagging is missing parts of backbone
Carbons source for TCA
AA
Fatty acids
Pyruvate
Myoglobin location?
Hb location?
Mb in muscles
Hb in blood
When O2 is decreased, glycolysis switches to what and causes a change in what byproduct
Less O2 means anaerobic glycolysis and a buildup of lactate and alcohol if prokaryotes
The adaptor molecule in translation is
tRNA, not the amino-acyl tRNA
wobble is between __ tRNA and __ mRNA
5’ tRNA and 3’ mRNA
full catalytic cycle of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase generates _ as a product.
AMP
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence of mRNA base pairs with the _ rRNA within the prokaryote _ ribosomal subunit.
16S with rRNA and 30S for ribosomal subunit
tRNAs interact with the ribosome only after
the large and small subunits have come together
Which of the following RNA molecules has the LEAST number of different sequences in a given organism?
rRNA
RNA is a highly dynamic biomolecule in that it
can fold and hydrogen bond with itself, DNA, proteins, or small molecules to adopt largely modified tertiary structures.
The information gained from the DNA footprinting technique is the
location of a DNA binding protein on DNA.
Which is required in the prokaryotic transcription initiation complex?
Eukaryotic
RNA polymerase
initiation factor
ribonucleotide triphosphate (NTP)
So doesn’t need primer
Eukaryotic doesn’t need a primer but does need
rNTP
RNAP
IF
TF
enhancers/silencers
In E. coli, _ RNA-DNA base pairs are maintained and about ____ base pairs of single-stranded DNA are maintained in the transcription bubble.
8 for RNA and 17 for DNA
___ increases with Enz increase but ___ doesn’t change
vmax increases with Enz increase but Kcat doesn’t change
RNA synthesis requires ___s whereas
DNA synthesis requires ___s
RNA synthesis requires NTPs whereas
DNA synthesis requires dNTPs
