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A&P Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

peristalsis

A

mixes, crushes & propels food

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2
Q

What holds the stomach to the liver

A

Lesser omentum

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3
Q

What causes increase salivation

A

parasympathetic

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4
Q

What stops salivation

A

sympathetic nerves

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5
Q

Myxovirus

A

that attacks the parotid gland

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6
Q

Bolus

A

food chewed up going down your throat

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7
Q

Esophagus Muscularis histology

A

upper 1/3 is skeletal, middle is mixed,
lower 1/3 is smooth

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8
Q

Parietal cell

A

Produces hydrochloric acid
Intrnsic factor

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9
Q

Where does the digestion of carbohydrate begin

A

Salvia/mouth

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9
Q

Chief (zynogenic) cell

A

secretes pepsinogen

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10
Q

Where does the digestion of proteins begin

A

Stomach

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11
Q

Where is most lipase produced

A

Pancreas

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12
Q

With out intrsitic factor you cant absorb

A

b12

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13
Q

Enteroendocrine cell (g cell)

A

secretes gastrin

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14
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

converts pepsinogen from chief cell to pepsin

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15
Q

Gastrin hormone

A

get it out of here”
* release more gastric juice
* increase gastric motility
* relax pyloric sphincter
* constrict esophageal
sphincter preventing entry

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15
Q

How long for meal to empty your stomach

A

3-5 hours

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16
Q

HC1

A

kills microbes in food

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17
Q

cck

A

Cholecystokinin is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying.
relax the proximal stomach and contract the pyloric sphincter, and either one or both of these actions could mediate inhibition of gastric emptying.

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18
Q

absorption of monosaccharides into epithelial cell

A

glucose & galactose—-sodium symporter(active transport)
fructose—–facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

monosaccharides Movement out of epithelial cell into bloodstream

A

by facilitated diffusion

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20
Q

Absorption of amnio acids and dipeptides into epithelial cell

A

active transport with Na+ or H+ ions (symporters)

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21
Q

amino acid and dipeptides movement out of epithelial cell into blood

A

diffusion

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22
Q

How do small fatty acid enter cell then blood by

A

diffusion

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23
Q

larger lipid exist only within

A

micelles

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24
Q

How do lipids enter cells

A

simple diffusion leaving bile salts behind in gut

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25
Q

fat soluble vitamins are enter cells since

A

were within micelles

25
Q

inside epithelial cells fats are rebuilt and coated with proteins to form

A

chylomicrons

26
Q

chylomicrons leave intestinal cells by

A

exocytosis into a lacteal

27
Q

How much water in reabsorbs that the body produces

A

99%

28
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle and involuntary

29
Q

external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle and voluntary control

30
Q

What does the parasympathic system do to the digestion tract

A

makes it contract

31
Q

what does the sympathetic do to the digestion tract

A

slow it down

32
Q

haustral churning

A

relaxed pouches are filled from below by muscular contractions

33
Q

gastroilial reflex

A

when stomach is full gastrin hormone relaxes ileocecal sphincter so small intestine will empty and make room

the urge to defict

34
Q

gastrocolic reflex

A

when stomach fills a strong peristaltic wave moves content of transverse colon into rectum

35
Q

cephalic phase

A

stomach getting ready

cerebral cortex + sight,smell taste and thought
stimulate parasympathetic nervous system

vagus nerve increase stomach muscle and glandular activity

36
Q

gastric phase

A

stomach working
nervous control keeps stomach active

37
Q

intestinal phase stomach emptying

A

strectch receptors in duodenum slow stomach activity and increase intestinal activity
distension, fatty acids or sugar signal ,medulla
sympathetic nerves slow stomach activity

38
Q

secretin

A

acidity in intestine
causes increased sodium
bicarbonate release

39
Q

GIP

A

decreases stomach secretions,
motility & emptying

40
Q

CCK

A

fats and proteins cause
increased digestive
enzyme release

41
Q

bile production

A

one quart of bile/day is secreted by the liver

42
Q

liver functions– carbohydrate metabolism

A

turns proteins into glucose
turn triglycerides into glucose
turns excess glucose into glycogen and store in the liver
turn glycogen back into glucose as needed

43
Q

liver functions lipid metabolism

A

synthesize cholestrole
synthesize lipoprotiens HDL and LDL
store some fat
breaks down some fatty acids

44
Q

Liver Functions–Protein Metabolism

A

Deamination = removes NH2 (amine group)
from amino acids so can use what is left as
energy source
* Converts resulting toxic ammonia (NH3)
into urea for excretion by the kidney
* Synthesizes plasma proteins utilized in the
clotting mechanism and immune system
* Convert one amino acid into another

45
Q

where is Secretin

A

pancreas, liver & stomach

46
Q

where is Cholecystokinin–CCK

A

pancreas, gallbladder, sphincter of Oddi, &
stomach

47
Q

how long is the duodenum

A

10 inches

48
Q

how long is the jejunum

A

8 feet

49
Q

how long is the ileum

A

12 feet

50
Q

Functions of Microvilli

A

Absorption and digestion
* Digestive enzymes found at cell surface on
microvilli
* Digestion occurs at cell surfaces
* Significant cell division within intestinal
glands produces new cells that move up
* Once out of the way—rupturing and
releasing their digestive enzymes &
proteins

51
Q

Roles of Intestinal Juice & Brush-Border Enzymes

A

**responsible for the majority of chemical digestion. **

Submucosal layer has duodenal glands
– secretes alkaline mucus
* Mucosal layer contains intestinal glands = Crypts of
Lieberkuhn(deep to surface)
– secretes intestinal juice
* 1-2 qt./day—— at pH 7.6
– brush border enzymes
– paneth cells secrete lysozyme kills bacteria

52
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Mucosal cells of small intestine fail to
produce lactase
– essential for digestion of lactose sugar in milk
– undigested lactose retains fluid in the feces
– bacterial fermentation produces gases
* Symptoms
– diarrhea, gas, bloating & abdominal cramps
* Dietary supplements are helpful

53
Q

kidney functions

A

regulate
blood ionic composition
blood ph, osmolarity and glucose
blood volume
blood pressure
release of erythropoietin and calcitriol
excretion of wastes and foreign substances

54
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal with brush border of
microvilli that increase surface area

55
Q

Descending limb of loop of Henle

A

simple squamous

56
Q

Ascending limb of loop of Henle

A

simple cuboidal to low columnar
– forms juxtaglomerular apparatus where
makes contact with afferent arteriole
* macula densa is special part of ascending limb

57
Q

Distal convoluted & collecting ducts

A

simple cuboidal composed of principal &
intercalated cells which have microvilli

58
Q

NFP formula

A

GBHP - (CHP + BCOP)

59
Q

Paracellular reabsorption

A

50% of reabsorbed material
moves between cells by
diffusion in some parts of
tubule

60
Q

Transcellular reabsorption

A

material moves through
both the apical and basal
membranes of the tubule
cell by active transport

61
Q

plica circularis

A

permanent ½ inch tall folds that contain part of
submucosal layer
* not found in lower ileum
* can not stretch out like rugae in stomach

62
Q

villi

A
  • 1 Millimeter tall
  • Core is lamina propria of mucosal layer
  • Contains vascular capillaries and lacteals(lymphatic
    capillaries)
63
Q

microvilli

A
  • cell surface feature known as brush border
  • Absorption and digestion
  • Digestive enzymes found at cell surface on
    microvilli
  • Digestion occurs at cell surfaces
  • Significant cell division within intestinal
    glands produces new cells that move up
  • Once out of the way—rupturing and
    releasing their digestive enzymes &
    proteins
64
Q

Digestion of Carbohydrates order

A
  • Mouth—salivary amylase
  • Esophagus & stomach—nothing happens
  • Duodenum—-pancreatic amylase
  • Brush border enzymes (maltase, sucrase &
    lactose) act on disaccharides
    – produces monosaccharides–fructose, glucose &
    galactose
    – lactose intolerance (no enzyme; bacteria
    ferment sugar)–gas & diarrhea

A&P Final (1 decks)

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