final Flashcards
1.
foreign policy
the diplomatic policy of a natoin in its interactions with other states
goals of foreign policy
- protecting our national secuirty
- protect our neighbors and major democatic allies
- protect our economic security
- extend out spehere of influence
models of decision making
- rational model (realists)
- bureaucratic/organizational model (liberals)
- pluralist models
rational model of decision making
most important actor is the state, best outcome least cost problems identification, clarify goals, determing policy alternatives, cost-benefit analysis
* problem identification i.e Iran having nuclear weapons
* claridy goals i.e dont allow Iran to have nuclear weapons
* determine policy alternatives i.e use force or talk
bureaucratic/organizational model of decision making
talk to sub national organizations
* department of defense, treasury, allies, most relevant department/bureau
* relative power or relative organization applicable to the situation makes the decision
pluralist models of decision making
bargaining=decision
* war on terror, public, interest groups, media, very sensitive groups
* very sensitive issues
independent leadership styles
- high in nationalism
- high in perception of control
- high in need for power
- low in conceptual complexity (ability to discuss policies with other people)
- high distrust in others
participatory leadership styles
- low in nationalism
- low in perception of control
- high in need for affiliation
- high in conceptual complexity
- low in distrust of others
when elite control policy
- political instability (authoritarian)
- few institutional constraints (dictators)
- public disinterest
- ambiguous situation criss (cuban missile crisis)
- nuclear information crisis (cuban missile crisis)
international law
rules and norms regulation interactions between actors
functions of international law
- sets expectations
- provides order
- sets the status quo
- protects states from each other
- serves ethical war functions
sources of international law
treaties, UN, international criminal court system
customary international laws
how states view each other and their practices
shortcomings of customary international laws
- can develop slowly
- can become outvoted
- not all states participate
- rejected by nonwestern states
- ambiguity with interpretaton
- european or western countries namely
international court of justice, international criminal court
- genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of aggression
- major weakness: doesnt hear many cases, lengthy process, jurisdiction limits
human rights
entitlement you have for being a human
features/aspects of human rights
- equal rights, inalienable, universal
- exercise, respect, enjoy, enforcement
- 1945 UN charter, 1948 UDHR
- different values care about different human rights
generations of human rights
first gen, second gen, third gen
first generation human rights
- civil and political, pushed by west (individual comes first)
american bill of rights - right to life and property
- negative rights i.e unlawful imprisonment
- 1948 UDHR article 3-21
- international covenant on civil and political rights
second generation human rights
- social, economic and cultural, communism and marxism
- state has responsibility to provide for the poor
- positive rights i.e the right to food and healthcare
- UDHR articles 22-27
- interdependent with the first generation i.e property + job, right to life + food/healthcare
third generation human rights
- group rights and rights of solidarity of the vulnerable
- pushed by third world countries i.e the right to self determination
- womens eights, rights of labor –> going to be disagreements
domestic difficulties for enforcing human rights globally
- culture differences – values
- opposition from domestic groups that benefit from the status quo
- lack of education, knowledge, and rights
- regime type i.e autocracies vs democracies
- lack of insitutions to address violations or enforce them
difficulties enforcing human rights internationally
relativism v universalism
- debate on which generation of human rights should be prioritized
- principle of soverignty and self-determination
- anarchic international system
- interest of major pwoers
- major power priority
3 parts of the responsibility to protect
- state responsibility to protect its population
- state failure –> international responsibility for state capacity building
- state inability/unwillingness to protect –> international community responsibility to intervene to protect rights by: diplomatically, coercively (military, last resort)
list of civilizations
western
confucian
japanese
islamic
hindu
slavic-orthodox
latin america
africa
reasons why all civilizations are likely to clash
- different history, relations between god and man, social relations, concepts of rights, liberties, and equality
- globalization intensifies consciousness
- economic, modernization, social change
- separate people from traditional values
- power of the west
2 specific civilizations the west will clash with
islamic and confucian
reasons why the west will clash with islamic and confucian civilizations
- west at peak of power in relation to others
- U.S. superpower opponent has disappeared
- west’s military power unrivaled (NATO)
- military conflicts among western states is unthinkable
- economic power i.e world bank
- west dominates international politics and security institutions i.e UN security council
- western interests reflect the “world community” decisions
- global spread of western culture
- western concepts differ from other civilizations i.e little resonance in inslam, hindu
10 universalizing western ideas opposed
responses from nonwestern civilizations
isolation from the west i.e north korea – very costly
bandwagon and join the west and accept its values
balance the west i.e economic and military, modernize not westernze
elments of terrorism
premeditation
motivation
noncombatant targets
secretiveness
psychological impacts
propaganda by deed
intimidation
provocation
chaos
types of terrorism
demonstrative, destructive, suicide
demonstration terrorism
do not kill i.e red brigades italy
destructive terrorism
do not target civilians, casues damage i.e irish republican armyy
suicide terrorism
asymmetrical warfare, inexpensive and effective, less complicated and compromising, media coverage
reasons for the use of suicide terrosim
casualties
ready to die
concealed wepons
infiltrate heavily guarded targets
future pain
matyrdom –> reduce moral backlash, heavenly and family rewards
external causes of terrorism
colonialism and neocolonialism i.e 1979 Iranian Revolution, u.s ‘great satan’
regional conflicts and historical enemies
failed/weak states
foreign cultures and lifestyles i.e globalization
why weak states are attractive to terrorists
provide services the government cannot –> gaining people support and recruitment
counterterrosim options
unilitaterly
multilaterally
containment
improving defense
diversion
delegitimization
transforming terrorist breeding countries
unilitaterly counterterrorism options
efficiency, avoid leakage of plans, going alone
* slows the process
* achieve surprise
* costly
* blames
* lose international support and reputation
* tarnish relationship with the rest of the world
multilaterally (NATO) counterterrorism options
share the cost, casualties spread out, lots of people involved
* supported by international community
* maintain reputation
* plans can be obstructed i.e leakages or operation incompetence
countainment counterterrorism options
not solving the problem, living with the problems of terrorism and encourage internal divisions
* no military actions
* save resources and money
* maintain reputation
* gain international respect
* maintain allies
* “do nothing” policy
* citizen disapproval
improving defense counterterrorism options
- nobody is accusing you of doing something wrong
- cannot always be on the defensive
- nothing really changes
- allowing them to grow
diversion counterterrorism options
shift to different target
* save resources
* destroy relationship with other states
5 arguments justifying torture
- ticking time bomb
- government legitimacy
- torture as a deterrant
- loopholes in UN definition
- price of intelligence
ticking time bomb
threat is time sensitive
* ends justify the means maybe??
* they could lie
* might not get info
government legitimacy justifying terrorism
only if uncovers important info
* only works in authoritarian regimes
torture as a deterrant
wont work on harden criminals
holster support i.e revenge
loopholes in UN definition
severe pain and suffering
price of intelligence
conventional method can be costly, torture is cheaper
* price on human life
* increases terrorism
* lose global respect; more costyl
arguments against torture
more absolutism: do things only when they are right; torture is unethical
* violates human rights
* might not get info
* retaliation
U.S. should focus on china
- rising global expectations, growing economically
- unresolved grievances
- largest and strongest undemocratic government
- cyber attacks and nuclear wepons
optimistics’ interdependence theory of the rise of china
liberalism
- no won’t be aggressive, they respect the status quo
- china will become a democracy
- cause of war: Taiwan
pressimists (realists) –> threat
- china is not aggressive because they lack the confidence
- china will not become a democracy because they will be an illiberal democracy i.e russia, iran
