final Flashcards
horses are thought to be first domesticated and used for food and work in … 5000 years ago
kazakhstan
the normal resting heart rate of 1 week old foal
100bpm
the earliest fossil remains of the hyracotherium were found in
wyoming
early horses mirgated among the continents via
land bridges
the cervical vertebrae are located in the
neck area
the equus genus includes
horses and zebras
the metatarsus of the horse is also known as the
hind leg cannon bone
horses exhibiting physical distress when their heart rate exceeds ….
50 bpm
the hyracotherium is also known as the
grandfather to modern horse
the shoulder blade is also known as the
scapula
horses became extinct in america appoximately
8000 years ago due to disease and starvation
the … is the remnant of the central pad
ergot
grayish blue gums indicate
severe shock
the teeth of the dawn horse were adapted to the consumption of leave and they were
browsers
respiratory rate should never
exceed the heart rate
the thoracic vertebrae correspond to what part of the body
ribcage
referencing a location towards middle or midline is called
medial plane
a truly wild horse has a
long mane and no forelock
horses were introduced by
spanish conquistadors in mexico in the 1500s
handling a horse you should be able to work and move your horse from
the right and left side, in front of horse
the third phlanx is also known as
coffin bone, pedal bone, distal phalanx
within which ancestor did ligaments start to develop under the foot?
parahippus
what did the fusion of the ulna and radius enable the horses ancestor to acquire?
increased speed
the carpus refers to what part of horse?
knee
how many bones in horses skeleton?
205
when approaching a horse you should be
relaxed and confident
a horses mental and physical well being is compromised when their temperatures rise above what degree
105
the radius and ulna fused during what evolutionary stage?
merychippus
when standing at the horses side they see you via … vision
monocular
which ancestory was the link between forest dwelling browsers and the plains dwelling grazers
parahippus
horses have developed as a continual grazing animal due to their
tooth structure
the first truly one toed horse was the
pliohippus
a horse can see.. ft in front of their face
3-5
the genus and species of horses
equus caballus
only true wild horse
prezwalski horse
normal temperature
98-101.5
normal bpm
30-40 bpm
respiration rate
8-24 br/min
CRT
baby girl pink, 1-2 seconds
horses heart rate can be determined via what locations
transverese facial artery, cranial artery, under front left elbow
foals that are playing can practice the tactics for this behavior
agnostic
what behavior is the act of mimicking eachother
allelomimetic
when applying vetwrap you should apply… to prevent further injury
padding material
social hierarchy among herd mates is referred to as the
pecking order
when you are waiting for the vet to look at wound you should
stop bleeding, keep wound clean, keep horse calm, wrap wound
why would a horse owner want to have regular dental done?
maintain a balanced mouth, reduce sharp points, make sure incisors are smooth against each other
teeth that are common in male and not all females
canines
a stray cat arrives at the barn in the stall the cat bonds with the horse, you remove horse and cat follows. what relationship is this?
epimeletic
strangles are caused by the …. bacteria
streptococcus equi
a horse is uncoordinated and stumbling, it may fall down, what neurological disorder is this?
ataxia
if regular dentals are performed on horses teeth, they will erupt …. mm per year
2-3
what are properties of normal joint/synovial fluid?
viscous, clear/transparent in appearance and cream/yellowish in color
respiratory disorder that causes inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and is high contagious
influenza
What age do teeth stop growing?
7 years
at what age will a horses first set of permanent incisors grow in?
2.5 years
illness that often is a secondary complication to a viral infection
pneumonia
teeth that are small premolars that are often removed during castration
wolf teeth
a horse with a full wooly hair coat in the winter is displaying the …. behavior
protective
when diluting betadine to clean the wound, the water-betadine mixture should be the color of
weak tea
which items can be used to absorb blood from an injury
towels, diapers, sanitary napkins
the two most commonly observed symptoms of this disease are ataxia and muscle twitching
west nile virus
deciduous teeth are also known as
baby teeth
what is characterized by the presence of moist and dry rales
influenza
the … attaches to the bottom of the coffin bone
deep digital flexor tendon
horses are together in a pen, you remove one and the others whine and become anxious, what behavior is this?
et-epimeletic
the no bow wrap can be left in place for 24 hours
true
if a horse is injured and nervous you keep them by themselves
false
head wounds should be… so they heal better
sutured or staples
when doing a standing wrap you need at least ….. inches of padding above and below the wrap
1-2 inches
when wrapping the left leg you wrap
left (counterclock wise)
horses do better by themselves
false
a horse standing on thier hindquarters is flight behavior
false
if you are unsure about a wound it is important to
talk to a vet
a dilute cleaning solution is 4:6, 4 being cleanser and 6 being water
false
you can use antibiotics for influenza
false
tendons and muscles running down the front of the leg
extensor tendons and muscles
are polo wraps used by themselves?
yes, polo wraps dont need padding
injury that can heal quickly with little issues
eye injuries
does a horses teeth continually grow?
no
should you let a young horse investigate something that scares them?
yes
what makes up the main suspensory apparatus of horses low legs?
deep digital flexor tendon, superficial flexor tendon and superficial flexor tendon
chlorhexidine gluconate
safe for wounds except near the eye
when a bandage slips down and pressure is placed on the tendon, a …… can occur
bandage bow
what items can absorb blood from an injury?
towels, diapers, sanitary napkins
two most commonly observed symptoms of this disease are ataxia and muscle twitching
west nile virus
deciduous teeth are also known as
baby teeth
West Nile Virus
swelling to the brain/spinal chord (can infect horses, humans, and birds)
Where to look to check body condition score?
Crest
withers
armpit
ribs
tailhead
back
What nutrients are provided by feed?
Minerals
Vitamins
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats/oils/lipids
Water
A horse will get their first permanent incisors at what age?
2.5 years old
The _________________________ is used to keep the horse’s mouth open during a dental
dental speculum
Why would you wrap a horse’s leg(s)?
Cover a wound
Support
Reduce Swelling
Protection
Shipping/trailering
A “cold” poultice uses a wet paper bag under the standing wrap
true
allows imprinting
Epimeletic behavior
Care seeking behavior
Et-epimeletic Behavior
locoweed
Symptoms: May take several months to appear.
* Weight loss and abnormal behavior (falling
down, walking off cliffs, charging through
fences)
Hairy spikes with lilac/purple flowers or greenish
white blossoms
oleander
Flowers grow in clusters and may be white,
pink, purplish or dark red
Symptoms: diarrhea, trembling, cold
extremities, paralysis, cardiac arrest, coma
and death if fatal amount was ingested
Yellow Star Thistle
Usually occurs in summer and fall –
horses may acquire taste and are very susceptible
* Symptoms: “chewing disease” may occur if a
toxic threshold is reached
– Involuntary chewing, lip twitching, swelling around
the mouth and poor reflex control
– Unable to eat, but swallowing not effected
– Able to drink if the water is deep enough
– Death occurs from starvation, dehydration and
inhalation pneumonia
braken fern
Toxicity: Horses rarely eat it and must eat a
large quantity over a period of time –
addiction is the problem
* Symptoms: Un-coordination, depression,
blindness, standing in a braced position.
Tansy Ragwort
Toxicity: all parts are toxic, even when dried
* Symptoms: May not be evident for 2-8 months
* Weight loss, jaundice, depression, nervousness,
frequent urination, sluggishness , delirium,
aimless walking, aggressiveness and
photosensitivity
red maple
Symptoms: Severe anemia = weakness,
depression, pale mucous membranes and dark
brown urine. Pregnant mares may abort.
– Death results because red blood cells are unable to
transport oxygen to the tissues
Yew
Toxicity: leaves, fruit, and seeds are toxic either
fresh or dried in hay. Horses will readily eat no
matter what. Show poisoning after consuming
about .1% of body weight
* Symptoms: collapse (immediate) or after
digestion – heart will slow and circulation fails.
Nervousness, or confusion, diarrhea and
irritation to digestive tract. Death usually occurs
Poison Hemlock
Toxicity: root is least poisonous, with toxicity
increasing on the way up from stems to seeds,
which can be more poisonous in the 2nd year
* Symptoms: bloating, nervousness, trembling,
pupil dilation, weakened heartbeat, cold
extremities, paralysis, coma, respiratory failure
and death
– Can been seen within a few hours to a few days
Water Hemlock
Toxicity: one mouthful can kill a horse within 15
minutes. Roots, young leaves and stems are most toxic.
Flowers and seeds less so
* Symptoms: violent convulsions, salivation, convulsions,
tremors, grinding teeth, dilated pupils, elevated
temperature, abdominal pain and bloating
– Horses may go into convulsions and die within several
minutes or suffer a prolonged and painful death
chokecherry
Toxicity: Leaves and seeds are most toxic. Leaves
when young or wilted.
* Symptoms: Drinking water after ingestion results
in the release of cyanide in to the bloodstream.
Causes slobbering, increased respiration, weak
pulse, convulsions and rapid death
– Mucous membranes will be bright red
Rhododendron
Toxicity: leaves are most toxic
* Symptoms: repeated swallowing, salivation,
depression, nausea, bloating, abdominal pain,
weakness, coma and death
– Should a horse survive, they may suffer from
kidney and liver damage
horsetail
Toxicity is higher in green plants than
ages ones (ex – dried in hay). Young horses are
more likely to succumb than older horses
* Symptoms: ill thrift, weakness, staggering,
trembling, muscular rigidity, diarrhea, rapid
pulse, cold extremities.
– Coma precedes death
night shade
oxicity: levels vary with climate and stages of
growth, but unripe berries are the most toxic
* Symptoms: Neurological and gastrointestinal
disorder, tiredness, muscle twitching, bloating
and congestion in lungs, heart and spleen
forage should be fed how much of a horses body weight
1-3%
what cuttings of forage are the best?
2nd and 3rd
what does a horse with big head mean?
phosphourus levels are higher than calcium
calcium:phosphorus ratio
2:1
what minerals are important in the diet?
Calclum, phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, Copper, Zinc, and Iron
what mineral can become too toxic?
selenium (1-3mg recommended 5mg toxic)
alfalfa hay
high in calcium, nutrient and protein dense
grass hay
low in calcium
basic diet
oats
grains
oats, corn, barley
orchard hay
low sugar
optional add on to diet
concentrations
grain should be …. of the horses body weight
0.4-0.5
NASC
national animal supplement council
what does the NASC over see?
accurate labels with complete ingredient list, no unsubstantial claims on labels, manufacturing of products under rigorous, ensure safety of ingredients
ways to calculate weight
guesstimate, formula, weight tape
weight formula
circum. heart girth x heart girth x body length / numerical value
numerical value for mature horse
330
yearling horse numerical value
301
weanling numerical value
280
the ideal horse scores between a …. to be fit
4.5-5.5
hot poultice
get ahead of swelling
cold poultice
swealling already exists
cecum
empties every 90 seconds
saliva gallon
secrete 1 gallon of saliva
saliva is a…
buffer action on stomach and GI track
stomach
8% of digestive track volume (basketball size)
what happens when you overfeed
stomach ruptures
small intestine
30% of GI track, 70 ft long
how long will it take for a horse to digest?
8 hours
large intestine
65% of GI track
importance of small intenstine
nutrients are absorbed and digested into bloodstream
fats –> fatty scids
protein –> amino acids
large intenstine includes the
colon and cecum
bottleneck and hairpin turn at pelvic flexure can cause
impaction and colic
hind foot is more
pointed
navicular syndrome
Complex combination of inflammatory and or degenerative conditions of the navicular bone and its supporting structures
what are the causes of navicular syndrome
Involves different structures and processes
– Lameness symptoms are almost always the same
navicular bone
fulcrum or point of support for the
deep flexor tendon at the coffin joint
Bursa
protects the navicular bone and the
DFT from rubbing as the tendon glides over
the bone
protects the navicular bone and the
DFT from rubbing as the tendon glides over
the bone
Compression
– Tension
possible navicular symptoms
Mild lameness
* Lameness is more obvious when the horse is
worked in a circle or on a hard surface
* Forelimbs are most affected
* Bilateral – usually worse in 1 foot
* Walk on their toes
an easy keeper
gains weight easily
most important component of a horses diet
forage
a senior feed contains ..
more easily digestible ingredients and more vitamins and minerals
what are osu school horses fed?
a rational balancer
what does a second cutting mean?
the second crop of hay off of that particular field
what feedstuff do horses really need in their diets?
forage, water and salt
