Final Flashcards
What is immunity?
The ability to ward off damage or disease.
Susceptibility
The lack of resistance to a given pathogen.
Innate immunity
-Present at birth
-Rapid response to all kinds of diseases
-Acts against all microbes the same way
-There are two lines of defense
1st line of defense
-Skin/mucous membranes
-Secreted fluids/chemicals/pH control
-Defecation/vomiting
-Lysozyme
Second line of defense
-Natural killer cells
-Phagocytes
-Inflammation
-Fever
Adaptive immunity
-Develop in response to contact with specific pathogen or antigen
-Occurs over long period of time
-Can “remember” previous contact with that specific pathogen
Lymph
-Tissue fluid formed at the post-capillary venule
-It percolates through cells taking up wastes, and is collected by the lymphatic system
Lymphatic system
Made up of lymphatic vessels which have several way stations along the way as lymph drains back to the venous system.
Lymphatic vessels/capillaries
Begin as closed-ended in tissue spaces between cells
(One way flow)
Lacteals
Specialized lymphatic vessels that exist exclusively in the digestive system in order to absorb dietary lipids.
How does lymph cycle
Lymphatic vessels flow through a local cluster of lymph nodes and then ultimately flow into one of two ducts.
Thoracic duct
-Main duct (over 75%)
-Begins as the cisterna chyli (a dilation in the abdomen)
-Collects all lymph from the abdomen and lower limbs
-Receives lymph from the left head, neck, and chest
Right lymphatic duct
-Receives lymph from right side of the head, neck and chest
Primary lymphatic organs and tissues
-Sites of stem cell division and development off immunocompetent B and T lymphocytes
Where are the primary lymphatic organs and tissues found?
Red bone marrow and thymus
Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
-The site of most actual immune responses
-Second line of defense mechanisms of innate immunity as well as adaptive immune response
Where is the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues located?
Lymphatic follicles, lymph nodes, chief lymph node, and spleen b
Thymus
A bi-load organ with a connective tissue capsule that atrophies as we age.
T Cells
Migrate to the thymus to multiply and mature
Dendritic cells
Derived from monocytes learn from t cells and end up in the skin
Red bone marrow
Exist in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones in adults and in nearly every bone in children
Stem cells within the marrow
Produces both B and T lympocytes
Where do T cells mature
T cells migrate to the thymus to mature
Where does B cells mature
B cells stay in the bone to mature
B
Bone marrow
T
Thymus
Where are lymph nodes located?
Along lymphatic
Afferent and efferent
Many afferent (incoming) vessels will enter a node with only one or two efferent (outgoing) vessels leaving.
Where do efferent vessels leave
Leave through depression in the lymph node called the hilum.
What is the primary function of lymph nodes
Filter for foreign substances.
Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ and is made up of two types of tissue mass (white and red pulp)
White pulp
Operational immune cells. Acts as a lymph node
3 types of tonsils
-Palatine
-Lingual
-Pharyngeal
Red pulp
Red blood cell graveyard
Lymphatic follicles
Are concentrations of lymphatic tissue that do not have a capsule which is why they cannot be classified as a organ.
Metastasis
The spread of cancer to the surrounding tissue
What are the proximal boundaries to the upper respiratory tract?
Nasal/oral cavity
What are the distal boundaries to the upper respiratory tract?
Larynx
What are the proximal boundaries to the lower respiratory tract?
Larynx
What are the distal boundaries to the lower respiratory tract?
Lungs/alveoli
What are the boundaries and functions of the conducting zone?
Nasal/oral cavity -> terminal bronchioles
What are the boundaries and functions of the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles -> alveolus
Nasal cavity
First part of the respiratory system
Floor (inferior border)
Hard & soft palate
Roof (superior border)
Frontal & ethmoid bones
Three pairs of conchae
Superior, middle, and inferior
Paranasal sinuses
A group of four bony spaces lined by mucosa situated around the nasal and oral cavities.
Pharynx
The great connector for the ears, nose, mouth, as they all eventually into the stomach
Nasopharynx
From the posterior nasal cavity to the soft palate
what passes through the nasopharynx?
Air
Oropharynx
From the soft palate to the epiglottis
What passes through the oropharynx?
Air, food, liquids
Laryngopharynx
From the epiglottis to the larynx
What passes through the laryngopharynx?
Air, foods, liquids
Epiglottis
A piece of cartilage which is covered in mucosa.
-Moves during swallowing
Glottis
The opening into the larynx with two mucous membrane folds embedded within, its deep, lateral surface
Ventricular folds
False fold
Vocal folds
True vocal fold
Trachea
-Also known as the windpipe
-Descends from the cricoid cartilage of the larynx and ends by dividing into the right and left primary/main bronchi
Bronchial tree
The bronchial tree refers to a branching sequences of airways including the trachea and the various dividing branches of the bronchi/bronchioles
Visceral pleura
Covers each lung and is tightly adhered to the surface of the surface of the lung itself
Parietal pleura
Lines the wall of the thoracic cavity and forms a distinct chamber for each lung to sit
