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Ana > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

The ability to ward off damage or disease.

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2
Q

Susceptibility

A

The lack of resistance to a given pathogen.

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3
Q

Innate immunity

A

-Present at birth
-Rapid response to all kinds of diseases
-Acts against all microbes the same way
-There are two lines of defense

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4
Q

1st line of defense

A

-Skin/mucous membranes
-Secreted fluids/chemicals/pH control
-Defecation/vomiting
-Lysozyme

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5
Q

Second line of defense

A

-Natural killer cells
-Phagocytes
-Inflammation
-Fever

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6
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

-Develop in response to contact with specific pathogen or antigen
-Occurs over long period of time
-Can “remember” previous contact with that specific pathogen

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7
Q

Lymph

A

-Tissue fluid formed at the post-capillary venule
-It percolates through cells taking up wastes, and is collected by the lymphatic system

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8
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Made up of lymphatic vessels which have several way stations along the way as lymph drains back to the venous system.

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9
Q

Lymphatic vessels/capillaries

A

Begin as closed-ended in tissue spaces between cells
(One way flow)

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10
Q

Lacteals

A

Specialized lymphatic vessels that exist exclusively in the digestive system in order to absorb dietary lipids.

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11
Q

How does lymph cycle

A

Lymphatic vessels flow through a local cluster of lymph nodes and then ultimately flow into one of two ducts.

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12
Q

Thoracic duct

A

-Main duct (over 75%)
-Begins as the cisterna chyli (a dilation in the abdomen)
-Collects all lymph from the abdomen and lower limbs
-Receives lymph from the left head, neck, and chest

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13
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

-Receives lymph from right side of the head, neck and chest

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14
Q

Primary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

-Sites of stem cell division and development off immunocompetent B and T lymphocytes

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15
Q

Where are the primary lymphatic organs and tissues found?

A

Red bone marrow and thymus

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16
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

-The site of most actual immune responses
-Second line of defense mechanisms of innate immunity as well as adaptive immune response

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17
Q

Where is the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues located?

A

Lymphatic follicles, lymph nodes, chief lymph node, and spleen b

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18
Q

Thymus

A

A bi-load organ with a connective tissue capsule that atrophies as we age.

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19
Q

T Cells

A

Migrate to the thymus to multiply and mature

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20
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Derived from monocytes learn from t cells and end up in the skin

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21
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Exist in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones in adults and in nearly every bone in children

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22
Q

Stem cells within the marrow

A

Produces both B and T lympocytes

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23
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

T cells migrate to the thymus to mature

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24
Q

Where does B cells mature

A

B cells stay in the bone to mature

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25
Q

B

A

Bone marrow

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26
Q

T

A

Thymus

27
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

Along lymphatic

28
Q

Afferent and efferent

A

Many afferent (incoming) vessels will enter a node with only one or two efferent (outgoing) vessels leaving.

29
Q

Where do efferent vessels leave

A

Leave through depression in the lymph node called the hilum.

30
Q

What is the primary function of lymph nodes

A

Filter for foreign substances.

31
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphatic organ and is made up of two types of tissue mass (white and red pulp)

32
Q

White pulp

A

Operational immune cells. Acts as a lymph node

33
Q

3 types of tonsils

A

-Palatine
-Lingual
-Pharyngeal

33
Q

Red pulp

A

Red blood cell graveyard

33
Q

Lymphatic follicles

A

Are concentrations of lymphatic tissue that do not have a capsule which is why they cannot be classified as a organ.

34
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer to the surrounding tissue

35
Q

What are the proximal boundaries to the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal/oral cavity

36
Q

What are the distal boundaries to the upper respiratory tract?

A

Larynx

37
Q

What are the proximal boundaries to the lower respiratory tract?

A

Larynx

38
Q

What are the distal boundaries to the lower respiratory tract?

A

Lungs/alveoli

39
Q

What are the boundaries and functions of the conducting zone?

A

Nasal/oral cavity -> terminal bronchioles

40
Q

What are the boundaries and functions of the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles -> alveolus

41
Q

Nasal cavity

A

First part of the respiratory system

42
Q

Floor (inferior border)

A

Hard & soft palate

43
Q

Roof (superior border)

A

Frontal & ethmoid bones

44
Q

Three pairs of conchae

A

Superior, middle, and inferior

45
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

A group of four bony spaces lined by mucosa situated around the nasal and oral cavities.

46
Q

Pharynx

A

The great connector for the ears, nose, mouth, as they all eventually into the stomach

47
Q

Nasopharynx

A

From the posterior nasal cavity to the soft palate

48
Q

what passes through the nasopharynx?

A

Air

49
Q

Oropharynx

A

From the soft palate to the epiglottis

50
Q

What passes through the oropharynx?

A

Air, food, liquids

51
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

From the epiglottis to the larynx

52
Q

What passes through the laryngopharynx?

A

Air, foods, liquids

53
Q

Epiglottis

A

A piece of cartilage which is covered in mucosa.
-Moves during swallowing

54
Q

Glottis

A

The opening into the larynx with two mucous membrane folds embedded within, its deep, lateral surface

55
Q

Ventricular folds

A

False fold

56
Q

Vocal folds

A

True vocal fold

57
Q

Trachea

A

-Also known as the windpipe
-Descends from the cricoid cartilage of the larynx and ends by dividing into the right and left primary/main bronchi

58
Q

Bronchial tree

A

The bronchial tree refers to a branching sequences of airways including the trachea and the various dividing branches of the bronchi/bronchioles

59
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers each lung and is tightly adhered to the surface of the surface of the lung itself

60
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Lines the wall of the thoracic cavity and forms a distinct chamber for each lung to sit

61
Q
A
62
Q
A

Ana (1 decks)

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