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final Flashcards

1
Q
  • Monument in Mississippi
  • 3500 BP to late archaic
  • covers 0.5 miles (semi circle)
  • hunter gatherers
  • giant plaza, Mound A (bird shaped)
  • 30 million loads of dirt was moved using burden baskets
A

Poverty point

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2
Q
  • confluecne of missouri, mississippi, and illinois river
  • 1150 CE
  • richest farmland in region
  • land surplus led to power disparities
  • covers more than 5 miles
  • 18-20 mounds and grand central plaza - enclosed in fence
  • 120 mounds found in outer precincts
A

Cahoka

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3
Q
  • a kings burial
  • one of the smallest mounds
  • upper graves contain graves of non-locals (slaves/captives)
  • 272 people in total, males were decapitated and females were strangled with poor nutrition
  • elite burials toward bottom with goods
A

Mound 72

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4
Q
  • 30 acre site containing 23 burial mounds
  • enclosed by massive earthen wall
  • mounds connected by Great Hopewell Road
  • building brought people together
  • memorializing astronomical events, cross generalizations observances
A

Newark Necropolis

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5
Q
  • early middle woodland period
  • archaic lifeways, more reliance on domesticates
  • small area in ohio river valley
  • hopewell-continuum
  • great lakes into southeast
  • trade goods
  • declines 1600 BP because of pop growth, protect crops, people prefer autonomy
A

Adena

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6
Q
  • chiefs are the decision makers
  • ceremonial priests and craft artisans
  • field workers
  • middle tier was warrier class
  • fluid not static
A

Mississippian Social Ranks

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7
Q
  • food surplus was ceremonial redistributed
  • chiefs controlled the show and used seasonal feasting events to forge alliances
  • large plazas within Mississippian villages for ritual feasting
A

Mississippian Food Redistribution

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8
Q
  • highland weedy grass in Mesoamerica- tessei at top
  • small corn transformed to maize
  • transition from hunter gatherer to agriculture based lifestyles
A

Teosinte

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9
Q
  • equivalent to Mississippians in eastern woodlands
  • 500 BCE- 1450 CE
  • between Gilla and Salt rivers in Arizona
  • Red on Buff poetry
  • grand irrigation systems to support farming
  • Rancheria- post classic
  • platform mounds- post classic
  • corn farmers
A

Hohokam

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10
Q
  • found by Gila and Salt
  • Prime agricultural land with high water table
  • 1 CE (largest pithouse village)
  • 600-900 CE: change to dense township (mounds, change networks)
A

Snaketown-pheonix basin

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11
Q

game or ritualistic

A

Hohokam Ballcourts

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12
Q
  • one of the most elaborate Canai irrigation systems in prehistoric world
  • 700 BC
  • 550 km of canals in Phoenix
  • shakedown drew water from 3 miles away
  • social differentiation with control of water
  • canals needed constant work
A

Hohokam Irrigation network

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13
Q
  • built things in Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon
  • 1200 BCE-1300 CE, peak between 700 -1300
  • practiced farming techniques: terrace, maize, beans
  • great architects
A

ancestral Puebloan

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14
Q
  • 30 km long arrangments of great houses, plazas, kivas
  • less than 8 inches of rainfall per year, little permanent water, lots of flash floods
  • castle-like architecture emerges
A

Chaco canyon

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15
Q
  • individual settlements linked by networks of roads
  • built-in straight lines
  • ramps and stairways ascending clifts
  • led to sites separated by more than 120 miles
A

Chaco road system

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16
Q
  • 800 individual rooms- great house- 3 story buildings
  • could have held 1000+ people
A

Pueblo Bonito

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17
Q
  • 1 per 30 rooms within these larger D-shaped great house complexes
  • ceremonial gatherings, community civic spaces
  • usually one great kiva per great house
  • great kivas used for special occasions
  • constructed mostly identically between all great houses
A

Kivas - ceremonial and community rooms

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18
Q
  • partially below ground with timber and adobe superstructure
  • 600 BCE to 700 CE
A

Pithouse

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19
Q
  • multistory, above-ground, stone and adobe bricks, rooms around plaza
  • apartment style
    this came after the pithouse and showed a change in social structure, moving toward community living
A

Roomblock

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20
Q
  • chacoan outlier, not inhabited but ceremoniously used
  • lunar standstill- every 18 years, moon lands on basket
  • construction periods line up with these standstills
A

Chimney rock

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21
Q
  • northern periphery of southwest
  • part-time corn farmer part-time hunter gatherer
  • pithouses
  • rock art
  • Utah
A

Fremont

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22
Q
  • violent scenes of head decapitation
  • tears in eyes of victims
  • chiefly looking people holding heads
  • phallic symbols, huge weapons, bug feet
A

Headhunter panels

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23
Q
  • scene of bighorn sheep trapping event
  • pecked into location where this could have actually occurred
  • funneling effect and hunters positioned to shoot arrows from hunting blinds
A

the great hunt

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24
Q
  • trapezoidal antro figures
  • highly decorated
  • often holding objects - shields and weapons
  • pecked into desert varnish - dark sandstone
  • set up to be seen by others like a billboard
A

vernal style rock art

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25
Q
  • 12 paired male figures recorded in central Utah in 1950
  • 4-6 inches tall
  • 1000 BP
  • unbaked clay, painted in red ochre
A

Pilling figurines

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26
Q
  • storage structures to store agricultural produce, maize, beans, squash
  • shared practices related to food storage
A

Fremont granaries

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27
Q
  • dozens of non-granary storage features found within a large dry shelter off the Yampa River
  • clothing, bags, jewelry, stone tools, artwork
  • fishhook, shanes, woven ladles, moccasins corn on a stick
A

Manties cave

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28
Q
  • found on top of hills, great view
  • defend attack?safe room? watch people?
A

Pinnacle sites

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29
Q
  • more than 20k people
  • political with king, queen, empower
  • centralized beuracracy, tribute systems, market and capital wealth, taxation, laws
  • urban cities, landscape infrastructure
  • priest class, pantheistic/monotheistic
  • public and private, palaces, temples
A

state level organization

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30
Q
  • no less than 5k people
  • supports all classes of society, clear divisions between these classes
  • rural at the periphery, urban found in central
  • religious works are visible across city
  • space is clearly divided - public/private, elite/ common. religion/ secular
A

urbanism

31
Q

Tigris and Euphrates rivers meet at the Persian gulf

A

house of 2 rivers

32
Q
  • samarran village
  • mesopotamia
  • several hundred people- NOT A CITY
  • subsistence - farming (wheat barley, linseed)
  • goats, sheep, cattle
  • fishing and mussels from tigers river
  • dried mud-brick houses with defensive ditch
  • property rights, makers mark
A

Tel-as Sawaan

33
Q
  • begins as a focal village
  • 4750 BCE
  • turns into massive temple complex
  • first city
  • irrigation network
  • tripartite design
A

Eridu

34
Q

-temple and redistribution center
- big structure dedicated to sky god Anu
- built from limestone and earthen piles
- place of worship and storehouse and redistribution center
- king priests acted as providers for gods and people

A

Ziggurat

35
Q
  • 3600 BCE
  • early writing
  • wedge-shaped marks made by a stylus on clay tablets
  • evolved across different cultures
A

Cuneiform

36
Q
  • settlements depopulate and move into this growing city
  • white temple on top
  • ideological center, work, trade center are pull factors
  • maybe a drought was a push factor
  • 250-500 acres with 10k-25k people
  • defensive wall, cult houses, assembly halls, artisan marketplace
A

Uruk Warka

37
Q
  • box discovered in tomb of ur-Pabisag
  • symbol of state, military unit, or monarchy
  • military conquest, victory celebration in court, equid warrier train
A

standard of Ur

38
Q
  • takes over Sumer, Susa, and north Mesotopia
  • from the city of Kish usurped the local king
  • unifying campaign 2334 BCE
  • Akkadian empire/ Sargonic dynasty
A

Sargon of Akkad

39
Q
  • late neolithic occupations dated to 8000 BP
  • close connection with western slope
  • imported grains and animals
  • wide ranging trade network, west and south
  • conch shell (Arabian sea), lapiz lazui (afganistan), and copper beads
  • early form of domesticated cotton
  • 7500 BP, animals take over food source, population growth
A

Mehrgarh, Bolan River

40
Q
  • late neolithic societies in Baluchistan move into IRV floodplains together
  • shift from sporadic cultural styles in west to uniform appearance in the east
  • horned water buffalo and mother goddess iconography
  • more than 1000 flood protected settlements established
A

cultural homogenization

41
Q
  • 370 acre metropolis during the mature Harappan period
  • max population of 40,000
  • Harappan grid system, water control, communal granaries
A

the twin cities - harappan

42
Q
  • largest urban center - 620 acres
  • 80,000 - 120,000 people
  • great bath - 80 square meters
  • ritual function
A

Monehjo Daro

43
Q
  • networks of reservoirs to store water for public and private use
  • vertical sunken shafts with mud-brick
  • individual households had running water and baths
A

Water control - Harappan

44
Q
  • locally procured mineral IRV
  • molten green and red jasper
  • found within elite tombs in royal cemetery of Ur - starting with Akkadian empire
  • direct and indirect trade systems
A

heliotrope (bloodstone)

45
Q
  • southern part of Egypt
    The Nile river flows north to south
  • higher elevation
  • city of Trebes
  • Hedjet
A

upper Egypt

46
Q
  • close to the Nile delta where the Nile meets Mediterranean sea
  • later periods
  • lower elevation
  • cities of Memphis and Alexandra
  • Deshret
A

lower Egypt

47
Q
  • starts as a small neolithic village
  • 6000 BP
  • turned into concentration of ceramic craft specialists (pottery barons) that were elevated - 5500 BP
  • Mastabas that were single-story mudbrick structures overlying a central burial shift - 5200 BP
  • Skellatins bride with exotic goods
  • afterlife preparation
  • iconography shows regional connections
A

Hierakonpolis

48
Q
  • starts during late Gerzean/ later Nagada sequences
  • 5200 BP
  • begins as a way to keep track of inventory- bone and ivory tags
  • mix of symbols - 2-3 cm
A

early hieroglyphs

49
Q
  • buried in Tomb U-J within a royal cemetery, a multi-room chamber for different afterlife activities- 12,000 gallons of wine
  • Abydos and Hierakonpolis were competing in late 5000s BP but there are scorpion symbols in Hierakonpolis
  • Was first to unify these city states
  • Hedjet
A

The scorpion king

50
Q
  • Credited with unifying Egypt
  • 100 years after the Scorpion king leads a campaign to overtake Egypt
  • first real Pharaoh of Dynasty I
  • moved the capital from Thebes to Memphis
  • King Scorpion started trade relationships with lower Egypt and after death they turned into tax collection and small scale conquests
  • the Narmer palette is Narmer wearing Hedjet on one side and Deshret on the other
  • found in Hierakonpolis
A

Narmer

51
Q

white crown of upper Egypt

A

Hedjet

52
Q

Red crown of lower Egypt

A

Deshret

53
Q
  • 3rd dynasty 4650 BP
  • 1st major burial tomb north of the former Abydos kingdom
  • Northwest of Memphis
  • 6 steps up from previous mastaba tombs
  • clay and stone pyramid 3.25 acres
  • was robbed completely
A

Djosers Tomb at Saqqara

54
Q
  • 4th dynasty
  • 100 pyramids across apex of Nile Delta
  • built by citizens with pretty good status
  • eating better than everyone else
  • worker camos close to Pharaons
A

Labor force at Giza pyramids

55
Q
  • 7000-5200 BP
  • North China, Yangshao culture, middle of Yellow River
  • Millet (foxtail) and rice (limited)
  • slash and burn agriculture and permanent fields
  • when soil deteriorated, they packed up and moved, and eventually recycled
  • rectangular pithouses and red/black pottery- not wheel throwns
A

Ban- Po village

56
Q
  • 5000 BP
  • black pottery
  • first evidence of social stratification conflict
  • permanent villages with defensive walls and ditches
  • high-status tombs with ceramics
  • mass graves of people killed violently
  • rival killings with association with building construction projects
A

Longshan Culture

57
Q
  • first to appear in Longshan sites across yellow river valley
  • shoulder blades of animals even turtles
  • continued through the Shang dynasty
  • began as simple burned bones found in ritually prepped spaces
  • were see proto-Chinese writing inscribed during shang dynasty
A

Oracle Bones

58
Q
  • 2400 BP
  • large political force from blueorints of Erlitou
  • may have been earlier dynasty named Xia
  • controlled yellow river valley
  • last capital city at Yin
  • many other cities with military
  • warring period with many warlords and city state leaders
  • more than 40,000 oracle bones at Yin
A

Shang Dynasty

59
Q
  • ruins of Yin suggest 11-12 related leaders
  • cruciform mausoleum shape, kings buried at center with goods
  • sacrificial horse chariots
  • an army of decapitated commoners - 12,000
A

An-Yang royal cemeteries

60
Q
  • female consort to king Wuding who lived a rich life
  • buried with 16000 items in total
    16 personal sacrifices and one dog, bronze sword, tools, vessels, pottery with her name on it, 775 pieces of jade, 564 inscribed bones
  • badge of office
A

Fuhao Burial Chamber

61
Q
  • 1500-500 BCE
  • very complex chiefdom
  • made large agricultural villages- corn, squash, beans, avocado
  • present-day states of tobasco and Veracruz
  • best known for heads that were massive basalt sculptures of actual chiefs, San Lorenzo and La Venta
  • 2 meters tall and 50 tons
  • monumental architecture with plazas, pyramids, and platform mounds
  • 1000 per site
A

Olmec

62
Q
  • peak 150 BCE
  • South of Olmec
  • 1st city state with capital
  • artificially leveled ceremonial center
  • residents and farming on terraces
  • mixed at 17000 people by 150 BCE
  • tortilla making using comals
A

Monte Alban (zapotec)

63
Q
  • 5km long avenue of the dead connects the central monuments
  • is the largest, 3rd largest in the world
  • Temple on top of the pyramid was destroyed but beneath it, a shrine full of ceramic pits, discs, and other artifacts, caves important to Mesoamerican religion- signify the birth and death of the sun
  • child sacrifice burials found at the edges of the pyramid foundation likely related to building dedication ceremonies
A

Pyramid of the sun

64
Q
  • dominant political force in central Mexico toward the end of the classic period
  • name is Aztec origin, they visited and used the site later in time
  • all city no hinterland, exceeded 200,000 people
  • a clear focus on military and prestige gained through violent conquests
  • located on top of an obsidian source- critical to weapon manufacture and trade
  • a god-king, lineages of nobles, and well defined warrior class are clearly visible in the monumental architecture/artwork
A

Teotihuacan

65
Q
  • three-tiered city system
  • palaces, pyramids, elite tombs, and ballcourts in the center
  • neighborhoods for nobility and craft specialists on the sides
  • farming family compounds at the edge
  • Stele and reliefs embedded into the architecture documenting the direct ascent of specific rulers in chronological order (great tradition)
  • translating their hieroglyphics has been a massive undertaking
A

Tikal and Great Tradition Architecture

66
Q
  • a satellite city of a larger settlement at Yaxchilan
  • the best-preserved murals known
  • gives a sense of Mayan aesthetic in full color
  • documents the ascension of Chooj to the throne after a victorious battle and celebration
  • panels cover three rooms in total
    also shows the process of bloodletting in honor of the event
A

Bonampak

67
Q
  • CE 1100s
  • Chichimeca “dog people”
  • From the northern aid frontier of Mexico
  • arrived in a basin controlled by 50 small city-states (central Mexico)
  • viewed as barbarian heathens but also fierce warriors - feared by other polities and they gave people reason to fear them
  • took asylum on lands owned by the Culhuancan
  • eagle perched atop a cactus to mark the end of their wanderings
A

Aztec Origins

68
Q
  • agriculture took many forms : fields and terraces across the Aztec controlled city-states
  • small artificial islands, rectangular in shape, built with fertile soil built-in freshwater lake
  • sustainable : soil built up in drainage ditches would be recycled
  • corn and beans primarily, but also cotton for textiles
    The Aztecs didn’t invent this technology, but they made it industrial in scale
A

Chinampas

69
Q
  • violent culture- captured many slaves as a part of opposition control (real or perceived)
  • ceremonies performed in honor of Xipe Totec (Flayer God) - sun, rebirth, agriculture
  • heart removal, decapitation, skin flaying, skulls of victims threaded together and erected on poles (tzompantli)
  • Mostly males between 20-35 years old
  • without human sacrifice, the sun would not rise and agriculture would fall
  • the Spanish condemned but it was critical for the Aztec
A

Aztec sacrifice

70
Q
  • Hernan cortez called the city the Venice of the New World in 1519
  • rests in the center of modern-day Mexico city, on the former island of Lake Texcoco
  • a city connected by three human-made causeways leading from the edges of the lake schore
  • The city held 200,000 people at the time of Spanish contact
  • Templo Mayor - the central monument, made in honor of the gods of war and rain 60 m tall, dismantled after Spanish conquest
A

Tenochtitlan

71
Q
  • slash and burn agriculture
  • clearing land by cutting down and burning trees and vegetation
  • the ash provides nutrients to the soil and allows crops to grow
  • once the soil loses fertility, the farmers pack up to move somewhere else and repeat the process
A

swidden agriculture

72
Q
  • Large stones used to create structures
  • Stonehenge
  • religious or ceremonial
A

European Megaliths

73
Q
  • Wiltshire, England
  • astronomical observatory or a ceremonial site
  • began around 3000 BCE
A

Stonehenge

archaeology (1 decks)

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