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Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of a protist

A

Eukaryotic organism

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2
Q

How are protists classified

A

Based off of mode of reproduction, method of nutrition, and mobility

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3
Q

What are common protists and diseases they cause?

A

COMMON: algae, amoebas
DISEASES: malaria

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4
Q

Plantlike protists must contain ______ to be able to carry out photosynthesis

A

Chlorplast

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5
Q

How do fungus like protists get their energy?

A

They get their energy from other decaying organisms

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6
Q

How are animal like protists classified?

A

Their movement

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7
Q

What is the definition of a hybrid

A

When 2 closely related species are crossed over
Ex: horse + donkey = mule

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8
Q

Who is the father of genetics and what did he discover?

A

Gregor Mendel
He figured out methods of inheritance

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9
Q

What is a punnet square and what does it help determine

A

A way to find possible genotypes in an offspring

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10
Q

What is a diploid

A

A cell with 2 kinds of each chromosome

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11
Q

What is a haploid

A

A cell with 1 kind of each chromosome

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12
Q

What is crossing over and when does it occur?

A

When homologous chromosomes are so close they exchange genetic material

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13
Q

Why is crossing over important to genetic diversity

A

So that adaptations can occur

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14
Q

What happens at the G1 stage in the cell cycle?

A

The cell grows and centriole replicates

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15
Q

What happens at the S stage in the cell cycle?

A

The DNA is replicated

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16
Q

What happens at the G2 stage in the cell cycle?

A

Nucleolus disappears

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17
Q

What are the steps of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
PMAT

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18
Q

what is cancer

A

I am cancer

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19
Q

Know the structure of a chromosome

A

X shape with a centromere in the center

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20
Q

What is a DNA nucleotide composed of?

A

Deoxyribose, nitrogen, phosphate

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21
Q

What is a RNA nucleotide composed of?

A

ribose, nitrogen, phosphate

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22
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is a double helix shape while RNA is a single strand

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23
Q

After DNA replication, what are the double helixes composed of?

A

Bases

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24
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

Instructions to make proteins

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25
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

Makes the PROTEIN

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26
Q

What is the function of rRNA

A

Links amino acids

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27
Q

What happens during the process of transcriptions

A

mRNA is made

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28
Q

What happens during the process of translation?

A

tRNA is made

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29
Q

A valid hypothesis must be

A

Testable

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30
Q

How many variables are tested in a controlled experiment?

A

1

31
Q

Biology is the study of _______ ______

A

Living things

32
Q

What are the characteristics of living things?

A

Organization, growth and development, response, homeostasis, metabolism, reproduction, adaptation

33
Q

A valid hypothesis is an

A

If…then statement

34
Q

Who is the father of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

35
Q

What islands did Darwin explore and gain he majority of his information from

A

Galápagos Islands

36
Q

What are the main ideas Darwin proposed?

A

Survival of the fittest and natural selection

37
Q

What was Darwins work titled and why did Darwin wait so long to publish his work?

A

On the Origin of Species

He knew there was going to be lots of controversy, so he wanted to make sure he had enough evidence and data to back himself up

38
Q

What does the term “survival of the fittest” mean?

A

Good adaptations and help = more likely to survive and reproduce

39
Q

What does the term “natural selection” mean?

A

People are breeding them, they mate on their own

40
Q

What people influenced Darwin?

A

James Hutton, Charles Lyell, Lamark, Malthus

41
Q

What physical structures were evidence of evolution to Darwin?

A

Presence of vestigial organs.
Es: human appendix because it no longer serves a purpose

42
Q

What does the term “fitness” mean?

A

An organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

43
Q

What does vestigial structure mean?

A

A physical feature or organ in an organism that has lost its original function through the course of of evolution.

44
Q

What does homologous structure mean?

A

A physical feature or organ in different organisms that have SIMILAR STRUCTURE but DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
Ex: forelimbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats have similar bone structure but very different functions

45
Q

What does analogous structure mean?

A

A physical feature or organ in different organisms that have SIMILAR FUNCTIONS but DIFFERENT STUCTURES
Ex: wings of birds and butterflies. Both have wings for flying but are built very differently

46
Q

Who was Carlous Linnaeus and what was his major contribution to science?

A

Swedish Zoologist and physician in the 18th century. Considered the father of modern taxonomy. (Science of classifying and naming organisms)
MAJOR CONTRIBUTION: developing a binomial nomenclature. (genus and species name)

47
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

Genus and species name

48
Q

What is the order of classification starting with Domain —> species

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

49
Q

What is the monomer of protein

A

Amino acid
Building block that join together to form a protein

50
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide
Simple sugars that are the basic unit of carbs

51
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acid

A

Nucleotide
Building blocks of DNA and RNA

52
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

Fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids

53
Q

What macromolecule isour main source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

54
Q

What are the four types of tissue in the human body?

A

Nerve, connective, epithelial, and muscle

55
Q

What are the levels of organization starting with cells —> organism

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

56
Q

What is homeostasis and what are two examples?

A

Ability to keep your body levels equal and balanced
Sweating to cool down and shivering to heat up

57
Q

What is the major function and structure of lymphatic system?

A

Functions: to remove excess fluid and fight against infections

Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs

58
Q

What is the major function and structure of nervous system?

A

Function: transmitting signals between different parts of the body and coordinating their actions

Consists of spinal chords, brain, and a network of nerves

59
Q

What is the major function and structure of circulatory system?

A

Function: transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste throughout the body.

Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood

60
Q

What is the major function and structure of excretory system?

A

Function: removes waste from the body and maintains the body’s fluid balance

Consists of many organs including kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.

61
Q

What is the major function and structure of reproductive system?

A

Function: to reproduce offspring

62
Q

What is the major function and structure of respiratory system?

A

Function: exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment it consists of

63
Q

What is the major function and structure of skeletal system?

A
64
Q

What is the major function and structure of muscular system?

A
65
Q

What is the major function and structure of endocrine system?

A
66
Q

What is the major function and structures of integumentary system?

A
67
Q

What are the 2 major categories of cells and how do you determine the difference between them?

A

Prokaryote and eukaryotic
No nucleus and nucleus

68
Q

What are the 3 shapes that bacteria are classified?

A

Cocci (round), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral shaped).

69
Q

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A
70
Q

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A
71
Q

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A
72
Q

.

A
73
Q

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A

Bio Final (1 decks)

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