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Neuroscience > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

How is acetylcholine terminated at cholinergic synapses?

A
  • Acetylcholinesterase will degrade ACh into the parts that are needed to synthesize more ACh
  • these parts are transported into the presyn cell
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2
Q

How is choline transported across the presyn membrane?

A
  • cotransport with sodium
  • secondary active transport
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3
Q

How is GABA and glutamate signaling terminated?

A
  • via reuptake back into the presyn cell, does not get broken down
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4
Q

How are GABA and glutamate transported across the presyn membrane?

A
  • via cotransport with sodium, using the sodium gradient
  • secondary active transport
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5
Q

How are GABA and glutamate transported across vesicular membranes?

A
  • cotransport antitransport - goes in the opp direction that the ion is being moved normally
  • uses the acidic hydrogen gradient
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6
Q

What are the two major catabolic enzymes mediating catecholamine degradation?

A
  • COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) - methylates norepi or epi into another form
  • MAO (monoamina oxidase) - oxidizes and brakes down molecules
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7
Q

What 2 catabolic enzymes mediate serotonin degradation?

A
  • MAO - breaks it down into 5-HIAL
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8
Q

What are endocanniabinoids?

A
  • endogenous chemical that activated cannabinoid receptors
  • most widespread NT signaling system in the brain
  • regulates memory and learning, immune function, pain perception
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9
Q

What are the two known endocanniabinoids?

A
  • Anandamine
  • 2-AG
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10
Q

Which cannabinoid receptor is found in the CNS? What type of receptor is it?

A
  • CB1
  • metabotropic - G-coupled receptor
  • found in CNS
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11
Q

Which cannabinoid receptor is found in the peripheral tissue? What type of receptor is it?

A
  • CB2
  • metabotropic - g-coupled receptor
  • found in peripheral tissue, mainly immune tissue
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12
Q

What other ligand is known to activated cannabinoid receptors?

A
  • THC
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13
Q

How is endocanniabinoi signaling diff from most other types of synaptic signaling?

A
  • retrograde signaling
  • endocanniabinoid is produced by the postsyn cell, and the receptors for it are on the presyn cell
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14
Q

Where stimulates the release of endocanniabinoids?

A
  • the enzyme that produces the endocanniabinoid is sensitive to calcium
  • synthesizes on command/demand, are not stored in vesicles bc they are lipophilic
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15
Q

What is the effect of activating endocanniabinoid receptors?

A
  • signal transduction pathway is activated, phosphorylating calcium channels, making them less leaky
  • decreases calcium influx in presyn cell and postsyn cell, decreasing the amount of endocanniabinoid produced
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16
Q

What appears to be the overall function of endocanniabinoid signaling?

A
  • appears to have a function in basic negative feedback
  • prevents excessive synaptic activity by decreasing calcium influx and amount of endocanniabinoid produced
17
Q

What are the two major types of glutamate receptors of the CNS?

A
  • NMDA - chemically and voltage gated
  • AMPA - only chemically gated
18
Q

What types of receptors of the NMDA and AMPA receptors?

A
  • ionotropic receptors
19
Q

What is unique about the NMDA receptor?

A
  • has both chemical and voltage gates
20
Q

I-V curve for NMDA, what does this show? How is is diff. than others?

A
  • when membrane potential is negative, there i not only an inward current, but it is not linear like other I-V curves
  • inward current is maximized when the membrane is at around -30 mV
  • shows that the channel has two gating mechanisms
21
Q

What extracellular ion affects conductance of the NMDA receptor?

A
  • magnesium
22
Q

What is the overall effect of signaling cascades?

A

Activate signal transduction pathway/cascade

Excitatory or inhibitory by generating either EPSPs or IPSPs

Most common EX is the cAMP pathway

23
Q

Eric Kandel

A
  • used sea snails to study mechanisms of learning and association
  • used gill withdrawal reflex
  • sprayed the siphon (area covering gills) with water to reveal gill, and found that he could sensitize the snail’s response by pairing the spray with an electric shock
  • made the snail withdraw its gills much faster, and over time, it became conditioned to withdraw its gill just as fast with just the water jet
24
Q

Donald Hebb

A
  • canadian psychologist that created the theory on which mechanisms need to occur in order for learning to occur
25
Q

What is Hebb’s postulate? What is the concept of coincidence detection?

A
  • cells that fire together wire together
  • detecting two different types of stimuli in order to associate one thing with another
26
Q

What are LTP and LTD, and how do they relate to Hebbian theory?

A
  • LTP (long term potentiation) - strengthening of a synapse
  • LTD (long term depression) - weakening of a synapse
27
Q

How does the NMDA receptor function as a coincidence detector?

A

Has both chemical and voltage gates

28
Q

What cellular and molecular mechanisms/processes did we discuss that underlie LTP and LTD?

A
  • hippocampus is involved
  • LTP - there is a stronger postsyn response than presyn response
  • LTD - there is a weaker postsyn response than presyn response
29
Q

Processes involved in early LTP

A
  • occurs when more AMPA receptors are made available on the postsyn cell via exocytosis
  • triggered by additiono f phosphate by CaMKII
30
Q

Processes involved in early LTD

A
  • occurs when there are less AMPA receptors made available on the postsyn cell via endocytosis
  • AMPA receptors are taken away from the synapse
  • triggered by phosphorylation by PP2B or PP1
31
Q

Processes involved in late LTP

A
  • synapse is being remodeled, which requires more protein synthesis
  • calcium binds to calmodulin in the cell, which activated either CamKII or CamKIV
  • CamKIV activates CREB, and transcription factor that binds to a regulatory sequence that regulates production of a gene
32
Q

Processes involved in late LTD

A
  • synapse is being shrunk, which might also require more protein synthesis
33
Q
A

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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