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Geology 101 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Active Continental Margin

A

a continental margin that is characterized by active tectonic activity such as earthquake, deformation and volcanism. It typically coincides with a plate boundary

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2
Q

Bay

A

a portion of the ocean , along a coast, which is protected from the full force of waves and onshore winds by some land barrier, such as a spit.

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3
Q

Barrier island

A

a long, narrow island with low elevation, parallel to the shore, composed of sand and built by waves and longshore currents

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4
Q

Base Level

A

the lowest level at which a stream can flow; it is sea level for streams that empty into the sea and lake level for streams that empty lakes

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5
Q

Berm

A

a flat area of a beach above the influence of daily wave action, composed of sand and built by the large waves generated by storms

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6
Q

Continental Margin

A

the seafloor next to a continent

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6
Q

Continental Shelf

A

an extension of the continent that is under the sea; up to 200m deep

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7
Q

Delta

A

where a river meets the sea, and the river is carrying a high sediment load. It builds a body of sediment out into the sea

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8
Q

Dune

A

a deposit of sand formed by the wind

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9
Q

Estuary

A

a river mouth, from a river that does not carry a large amount of sediment

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10
Q

Headland

A

erosion-resistant rock that projects into the ocean or sea

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11
Q

Interdistributary Bay

A

a low-lying area, usually between two distributary channels of a delta, that alternately sinks below sea level, fills with sediment, and sinks again

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12
Q

Isostatic rebound

A

the rising of continental crust to its equilibrium level, after it has been pressed down into the mantle

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13
Q

Jetty

A

an artificial projection built at right angles from the shore into the sea, generally around a river mouth ir harbor, to stop the effects of longshore drift from filling the harbor

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14
Q

Lagoon

A

a quite body of water between the continental and barrier island

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15
Q

Longshore current

A

a current that flows parallel to the shore and transport sediment

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16
Q

Longshore drift

A

the movement of sand by a longshore current

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17
Q

Marsh

A

low-lying area along a river or along the coast, vegetated by grassy plants and shrubs

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18
Q

Passive Continental Margin

A

continental margin characterized by gentle slopes, few earthquakes and little volcanic. not near a plate boundary

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19
Q

Reef

A

wave resistance structure

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20
Q

Sea Arch

A

curved-shaped opening in rocks along a shore; carved by wave erosion

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21
Q

Sea Stack

A

a pillar of rock in the sea that remains after waves have eroded the rock around it

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22
Q

Spit

A

a body of sand, attached to an island or continent, built by waves and longshore currents, that has a hook shape

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23
Q

Tidal channel

A

a channel between barrier islands through which the tides flow

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24
Wave-cut Terrance
flat-lying area along a rocky coast has been eroded by wave action
25
What is the difference between erosional and depositional coastlines and their processes and features?
26
What are carbonate shores and the associated processes
27
Coastal features which type of coastlines they are found on
28
How are shorelines modified by humans
29
why is the sea level rising and how to slow it down
30
Desertification
31
Feedback loop
32
Greenhouse Gas
33
Ocean Acidification
34
what leads to desertification
35
Know the causes of ocean acidification
36
Active margin
37
Aphantitic
texture of an igneous rock; fine-grained, the minerals are too small to identify with the naked eye. These rocks erupted from a volcano
38
Caldera
a large crater formed from volcanic activity
39
Convergent plate
39
Divergent plate
40
Explosive volcanism
41
Extrusive
igneous rocks that have erupted to the Earth's surface
42
Felsic
composition of an igneous rock that is enriched with silica
43
Glassy
Texture of an igneous rock, no visible mineral
44
Intermediate
composition of an igneous rock that had an intermediate amount of silica
44
Igneous rocks
rocks formed by crystallizing from a melt deep within the Earth (intrusive) or by being erupted from a volcano (extrusive)
45
Intrusive
igneous formed form magma that cooled deep within the Earth
46
Lava
molten rock that has erupted to the Earth's surface
47
Mafic
48
Magma
composition of igneous rocks or minerals that are low in silica
49
Passive Margin
50
Phaneritic
texture of igneous rocks; coarse-grained, all minerals are large
51
Porpyhritic
mix of coarse and fined-grained
52
Pyroclastic
composed with fragments of other rocks
53
Vesicular
no crystals are present and the rock has holes in it that once were bubbles in lava
54
Viscosity
resistance to flow. The more viscous a fluid is, the more slowly it flows. Honey is more viscous than water
55
Strato vs shield volcano
56
Aftershock
57
Aplitude
58
Body waves
59
Earthquake
60
Epicenter
61
Fault
62
Foucs
63
Mercalli Intensity Scale
64
P-waves
65
Richter Magnitude Scale
66
S-waves
67
Seismic hazard
68
Seismic risk
69
Shear
69
Seismic waves
70
Seismograph
71
Surface waves
72
Foliated
texture of metamorphic rock that describes layering
72
Contact Metamorphism
73
Geothermal gradinet
74
Lithification
the process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel fluids, and gradually become solid
75
Metamorphic gradient
76
Metamorphic minerals
minerals thar form by the alteration of pre-existing minerals under high temperatures and pressure
77
Metamorphism
the set of processes that change a rock from igneous, sedimentary. or metamorphic to become a ( or another kind of) metamorphic rock
78
Non foliated
texture that shows no evidence of layering or cleavage
79
Protolith
the original, pre-existing rock that was altered to become a metamorphic rock
80
Regional Metamorphism
81
Basin
a fold of rocks forming a bowl-like depression, in which young rocks are in the center, and old rocks are at the edge
81
Anticline
a fold of rocks along one axis, in which old rocks are in the center and young rocks are on the edge
82
Brittle deformation
a break in a rock
83
Compression
stress that is applied toward an object from opposite directions, squeezing an object.
84
Dip
the angle that folded rocks make with the horizontal
85
Dip slip faults
faults that have vertical movement along a normal, thrust, or reverse fault
86
Dome
a fold of rocks, forming an inverted basin, in which old rocks are in the center, and young rocks are at the edge
87
Ductile deformation
bending of a rock
88
Fault
a plane along which rocks have broken and moved; the result of brittle deformation
89
Fold
the result of ductile deformation. Rocks have deformed or bent but not broken
90
Footwall
for a dip-slip fault, the footwall is the underlying edge of the fault
91
Hanging wall
for dip-slip fault, the hanging wall is the overlying edge of the fault
92
Normal Fault
a fault that results from tension; the hanging wall moves down
93
Overturned fault
a fold where the limbs dip in the same direction
94
Petroleum systems
95
Plunging anticline
an anticline with an axis that dips away from the horizon
96
Recumbent fold
a fold where the axial surface is horizontal
97
Reservoir
98
Reverse fault
a fault that results forms compression; the hanging wall moves up
99
Shear
stress applied from two opposing; but not opposite, directions, causing objects to slide alongside each other
99
Source
99
Seal
100
Stress
pressure with a direction
101
Strike
the compass direction that is 90 degrees from the direction if dip
102
Strike-slip fault
vertical fault along which horizontal movement has occurred; results from shear stress
103
Syncline
a fold of rocks along one axis in which the youngest rocks are in the center and the oldest rocks are at the edge
104
Thrust fault
reverse fault at a low angle

Geology 101 (1 decks)

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