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Geology 101 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Active Continental Margin

A

a continental margin that is characterized by active tectonic activity such as earthquake, deformation and volcanism. It typically coincides with a plate boundary

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2
Q

Bay

A

a portion of the ocean , along a coast, which is protected from the full force of waves and onshore winds by some land barrier, such as a spit.

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3
Q

Barrier island

A

a long, narrow island with low elevation, parallel to the shore, composed of sand and built by waves and longshore currents

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4
Q

Base Level

A

the lowest level at which a stream can flow; it is sea level for streams that empty into the sea and lake level for streams that empty lakes

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5
Q

Berm

A

a flat area of a beach above the influence of daily wave action, composed of sand and built by the large waves generated by storms

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6
Q

Continental Margin

A

the seafloor next to a continent

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6
Q

Continental Shelf

A

an extension of the continent that is under the sea; up to 200m deep

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7
Q

Delta

A

where a river meets the sea, and the river is carrying a high sediment load. It builds a body of sediment out into the sea

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8
Q

Dune

A

a deposit of sand formed by the wind

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9
Q

Estuary

A

a river mouth, from a river that does not carry a large amount of sediment

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10
Q

Headland

A

erosion-resistant rock that projects into the ocean or sea

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11
Q

Interdistributary Bay

A

a low-lying area, usually between two distributary channels of a delta, that alternately sinks below sea level, fills with sediment, and sinks again

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12
Q

Isostatic rebound

A

the rising of continental crust to its equilibrium level, after it has been pressed down into the mantle

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13
Q

Jetty

A

an artificial projection built at right angles from the shore into the sea, generally around a river mouth ir harbor, to stop the effects of longshore drift from filling the harbor

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14
Q

Lagoon

A

a quite body of water between the continental and barrier island

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15
Q

Longshore current

A

a current that flows parallel to the shore and transport sediment

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16
Q

Longshore drift

A

the movement of sand by a longshore current

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17
Q

Marsh

A

low-lying area along a river or along the coast, vegetated by grassy plants and shrubs

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18
Q

Passive Continental Margin

A

continental margin characterized by gentle slopes, few earthquakes and little volcanic. not near a plate boundary

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19
Q

Reef

A

wave resistance structure

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20
Q

Sea Arch

A

curved-shaped opening in rocks along a shore; carved by wave erosion

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21
Q

Sea Stack

A

a pillar of rock in the sea that remains after waves have eroded the rock around it

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22
Q

Spit

A

a body of sand, attached to an island or continent, built by waves and longshore currents, that has a hook shape

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23
Q

Tidal channel

A

a channel between barrier islands through which the tides flow

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24
Q

Wave-cut Terrance

A

flat-lying area along a rocky coast has been eroded by wave action

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25
Q

What is the difference between erosional and depositional coastlines and their processes and features?

A
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26
Q

What are carbonate shores and the associated processes

A
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27
Q

Coastal features which type of coastlines they are found on

A
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28
Q

How are shorelines modified by humans

A
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29
Q

why is the sea level rising and how to slow it down

A
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30
Q

Desertification

A
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31
Q

Feedback loop

A
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32
Q

Greenhouse Gas

A
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33
Q

Ocean Acidification

A
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34
Q

what leads to desertification

A
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35
Q

Know the causes of ocean acidification

A
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36
Q

Active margin

A
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37
Q

Aphantitic

A

texture of an igneous rock; fine-grained, the minerals are too small to identify with the naked eye. These rocks erupted from a volcano

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38
Q

Caldera

A

a large crater formed from volcanic activity

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39
Q

Convergent plate

A
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39
Q

Divergent plate

A
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40
Q

Explosive volcanism

A
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41
Q

Extrusive

A

igneous rocks that have erupted to the Earth’s surface

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42
Q

Felsic

A

composition of an igneous rock that is enriched with silica

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43
Q

Glassy

A

Texture of an igneous rock, no visible mineral

44
Q

Intermediate

A

composition of an igneous rock that had an intermediate amount of silica

44
Q

Igneous rocks

A

rocks formed by crystallizing from a melt deep within the Earth (intrusive) or by being erupted from a volcano (extrusive)

45
Q

Intrusive

A

igneous formed form magma that cooled deep within the Earth

46
Q

Lava

A

molten rock that has erupted to the Earth’s surface

47
Q

Mafic

A
48
Q

Magma

A

composition of igneous rocks or minerals that are low in silica

49
Q

Passive Margin

A
50
Q

Phaneritic

A

texture of igneous rocks; coarse-grained, all minerals are large

51
Q

Porpyhritic

A

mix of coarse and fined-grained

52
Q

Pyroclastic

A

composed with fragments of other rocks

53
Q

Vesicular

A

no crystals are present and the rock has holes in it that once were bubbles in lava

54
Q

Viscosity

A

resistance to flow. The more viscous a fluid is, the more slowly it flows. Honey is more viscous than water

55
Q

Strato vs shield volcano

A
56
Q

Aftershock

A
57
Q

Aplitude

A
58
Q

Body waves

A
59
Q

Earthquake

A
60
Q

Epicenter

A
61
Q

Fault

A
62
Q

Foucs

A
63
Q

Mercalli Intensity Scale

A
64
Q

P-waves

A
65
Q

Richter Magnitude Scale

A
66
Q

S-waves

A
67
Q

Seismic hazard

A
68
Q

Seismic risk

A
69
Q

Shear

A
69
Q

Seismic waves

A
70
Q

Seismograph

A
71
Q

Surface waves

A
72
Q

Foliated

A

texture of metamorphic rock that describes layering

72
Q

Contact Metamorphism

A
73
Q

Geothermal gradinet

A
74
Q

Lithification

A

the process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel fluids, and gradually become solid

75
Q

Metamorphic gradient

A
76
Q

Metamorphic minerals

A

minerals thar form by the alteration of pre-existing minerals under high temperatures and pressure

77
Q

Metamorphism

A

the set of processes that change a rock from igneous, sedimentary. or metamorphic to become a ( or another kind of) metamorphic rock

78
Q

Non foliated

A

texture that shows no evidence of layering or cleavage

79
Q

Protolith

A

the original, pre-existing rock that was altered to become a metamorphic rock

80
Q

Regional Metamorphism

A
81
Q

Basin

A

a fold of rocks forming a bowl-like depression, in which young rocks are in the center, and old rocks are at the edge

81
Q

Anticline

A

a fold of rocks along one axis, in which old rocks are in the center and young rocks are on the edge

82
Q

Brittle deformation

A

a break in a rock

83
Q

Compression

A

stress that is applied toward an object from opposite directions, squeezing an object.

84
Q

Dip

A

the angle that folded rocks make with the horizontal

85
Q

Dip slip faults

A

faults that have vertical movement along a normal, thrust, or reverse fault

86
Q

Dome

A

a fold of rocks, forming an inverted basin, in which old rocks are in the center, and young rocks are at the edge

87
Q

Ductile deformation

A

bending of a rock

88
Q

Fault

A

a plane along which rocks have broken and moved; the result of brittle deformation

89
Q

Fold

A

the result of ductile deformation. Rocks have deformed or bent but not broken

90
Q

Footwall

A

for a dip-slip fault, the footwall is the underlying edge of the fault

91
Q

Hanging wall

A

for dip-slip fault, the hanging wall is the overlying edge of the fault

92
Q

Normal Fault

A

a fault that results from tension; the hanging wall moves down

93
Q

Overturned fault

A

a fold where the limbs dip in the same direction

94
Q

Petroleum systems

A
95
Q

Plunging anticline

A

an anticline with an axis that dips away from the horizon

96
Q

Recumbent fold

A

a fold where the axial surface is horizontal

97
Q

Reservoir

A
98
Q

Reverse fault

A

a fault that results forms compression; the hanging wall moves up

99
Q

Shear

A

stress applied from two opposing; but not opposite, directions, causing objects to slide alongside each other

99
Q

Source

A
99
Q

Seal

A
100
Q

Stress

A

pressure with a direction

101
Q

Strike

A

the compass direction that is 90 degrees from the direction if dip

102
Q

Strike-slip fault

A

vertical fault along which horizontal movement has occurred; results from shear stress

103
Q

Syncline

A

a fold of rocks along one axis in which the youngest rocks are in the center and the oldest rocks are at the edge

104
Q

Thrust fault

A

reverse fault at a low angle

Geology 101 (1 decks)

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