Final Flashcards
Active Continental Margin
a continental margin that is characterized by active tectonic activity such as earthquake, deformation and volcanism. It typically coincides with a plate boundary
Bay
a portion of the ocean , along a coast, which is protected from the full force of waves and onshore winds by some land barrier, such as a spit.
Barrier island
a long, narrow island with low elevation, parallel to the shore, composed of sand and built by waves and longshore currents
Base Level
the lowest level at which a stream can flow; it is sea level for streams that empty into the sea and lake level for streams that empty lakes
Berm
a flat area of a beach above the influence of daily wave action, composed of sand and built by the large waves generated by storms
Continental Margin
the seafloor next to a continent
Continental Shelf
an extension of the continent that is under the sea; up to 200m deep
Delta
where a river meets the sea, and the river is carrying a high sediment load. It builds a body of sediment out into the sea
Dune
a deposit of sand formed by the wind
Estuary
a river mouth, from a river that does not carry a large amount of sediment
Headland
erosion-resistant rock that projects into the ocean or sea
Interdistributary Bay
a low-lying area, usually between two distributary channels of a delta, that alternately sinks below sea level, fills with sediment, and sinks again
Isostatic rebound
the rising of continental crust to its equilibrium level, after it has been pressed down into the mantle
Jetty
an artificial projection built at right angles from the shore into the sea, generally around a river mouth ir harbor, to stop the effects of longshore drift from filling the harbor
Lagoon
a quite body of water between the continental and barrier island
Longshore current
a current that flows parallel to the shore and transport sediment
Longshore drift
the movement of sand by a longshore current
Marsh
low-lying area along a river or along the coast, vegetated by grassy plants and shrubs
Passive Continental Margin
continental margin characterized by gentle slopes, few earthquakes and little volcanic. not near a plate boundary
Reef
wave resistance structure
Sea Arch
curved-shaped opening in rocks along a shore; carved by wave erosion
Sea Stack
a pillar of rock in the sea that remains after waves have eroded the rock around it
Spit
a body of sand, attached to an island or continent, built by waves and longshore currents, that has a hook shape
Tidal channel
a channel between barrier islands through which the tides flow
Wave-cut Terrance
flat-lying area along a rocky coast has been eroded by wave action
What is the difference between erosional and depositional coastlines and their processes and features?
What are carbonate shores and the associated processes
Coastal features which type of coastlines they are found on
How are shorelines modified by humans
why is the sea level rising and how to slow it down
Desertification
Feedback loop
Greenhouse Gas
Ocean Acidification
what leads to desertification
Know the causes of ocean acidification
Active margin
Aphantitic
texture of an igneous rock; fine-grained, the minerals are too small to identify with the naked eye. These rocks erupted from a volcano
Caldera
a large crater formed from volcanic activity
Convergent plate
Divergent plate
Explosive volcanism
Extrusive
igneous rocks that have erupted to the Earth’s surface
Felsic
composition of an igneous rock that is enriched with silica
Glassy
Texture of an igneous rock, no visible mineral
Intermediate
composition of an igneous rock that had an intermediate amount of silica
Igneous rocks
rocks formed by crystallizing from a melt deep within the Earth (intrusive) or by being erupted from a volcano (extrusive)
Intrusive
igneous formed form magma that cooled deep within the Earth
Lava
molten rock that has erupted to the Earth’s surface
Mafic
Magma
composition of igneous rocks or minerals that are low in silica
Passive Margin
Phaneritic
texture of igneous rocks; coarse-grained, all minerals are large
Porpyhritic
mix of coarse and fined-grained
Pyroclastic
composed with fragments of other rocks
Vesicular
no crystals are present and the rock has holes in it that once were bubbles in lava
Viscosity
resistance to flow. The more viscous a fluid is, the more slowly it flows. Honey is more viscous than water
Strato vs shield volcano
Aftershock
Aplitude
Body waves
Earthquake
Epicenter
Fault
Foucs
Mercalli Intensity Scale
P-waves
Richter Magnitude Scale
S-waves
Seismic hazard
Seismic risk
Shear
Seismic waves
Seismograph
Surface waves
Foliated
texture of metamorphic rock that describes layering
Contact Metamorphism
Geothermal gradinet
Lithification
the process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel fluids, and gradually become solid
Metamorphic gradient
Metamorphic minerals
minerals thar form by the alteration of pre-existing minerals under high temperatures and pressure
Metamorphism
the set of processes that change a rock from igneous, sedimentary. or metamorphic to become a ( or another kind of) metamorphic rock
Non foliated
texture that shows no evidence of layering or cleavage
Protolith
the original, pre-existing rock that was altered to become a metamorphic rock
Regional Metamorphism
Basin
a fold of rocks forming a bowl-like depression, in which young rocks are in the center, and old rocks are at the edge
Anticline
a fold of rocks along one axis, in which old rocks are in the center and young rocks are on the edge
Brittle deformation
a break in a rock
Compression
stress that is applied toward an object from opposite directions, squeezing an object.
Dip
the angle that folded rocks make with the horizontal
Dip slip faults
faults that have vertical movement along a normal, thrust, or reverse fault
Dome
a fold of rocks, forming an inverted basin, in which old rocks are in the center, and young rocks are at the edge
Ductile deformation
bending of a rock
Fault
a plane along which rocks have broken and moved; the result of brittle deformation
Fold
the result of ductile deformation. Rocks have deformed or bent but not broken
Footwall
for a dip-slip fault, the footwall is the underlying edge of the fault
Hanging wall
for dip-slip fault, the hanging wall is the overlying edge of the fault
Normal Fault
a fault that results from tension; the hanging wall moves down
Overturned fault
a fold where the limbs dip in the same direction
Petroleum systems
Plunging anticline
an anticline with an axis that dips away from the horizon
Recumbent fold
a fold where the axial surface is horizontal
Reservoir
Reverse fault
a fault that results forms compression; the hanging wall moves up
Shear
stress applied from two opposing; but not opposite, directions, causing objects to slide alongside each other
Source
Seal
Stress
pressure with a direction
Strike
the compass direction that is 90 degrees from the direction if dip
Strike-slip fault
vertical fault along which horizontal movement has occurred; results from shear stress
Syncline
a fold of rocks along one axis in which the youngest rocks are in the center and the oldest rocks are at the edge
Thrust fault
reverse fault at a low angle
