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STREAM ECOLOGY > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

P/R Ratio

A

Primary Productivity to respiration ration (P/R<1 shredders/collectors, P/R>1 collectors/grazers, P/R<1 collectors/predators)

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2
Q

Detrital energy

A

Allochthonous: Leaf/litter, soil particulates, compounds dissolved in soil water
Autochthonous: dying macrophytes, animal carcasses and feces, extracellular release of dissolved compounds

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3
Q

Pros of using biotic data

A

Snapshot vs longterm data, shows effects that are hard to measure, cheaper, tangible data

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4
Q

IBI

A

Index of Biological Integrity, main categories: species composition, trophic composition, fish abundance and condition

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5
Q

Human-induced alterations, BIOTIC INTERACTIONS

A
  • increased frequency of diseased fish
  • altered primary and secondary production
  • altered trophic structure
  • altered decomposition rates and timing
  • disruption of seasonal rhythms
  • shits in series composition and relative abundances
  • shifts in invertebrate functional groups
  • shift in trophic guilds
  • increased frequency of fish hybridization
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6
Q

Human-induced alterations, FLOW REGIME

A
  • altered flow extremes
  • increased max flow velocity
  • decreased min flow velocity
  • reduced diversity of microhabitat velocities
  • fewer protected sites
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7
Q

Human-induced alterations, HABITAT QUALITY

A
  • decreased stability of substrate and banks due to erosion and sedimentation
  • more uniform water depth
  • reduced habitat heterogeneity
  • decreased channel sinuosity
  • reduced habitat area
  • decreased instream cover and riparian vegetation
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8
Q

Human-induced alterations, WATER QUALITY

A
  • expanded temperature extremes
  • increased turbidity
  • altered diurnal cycle of DO
  • increased nutrients
  • increased suspended solids
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9
Q

Human-induced alterations, ENERGY SOURCE

A
  • decreased coarse particulate OM
  • increased fine particulate OM
  • increased algal pollution
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10
Q

Threats to cold water steam fishes

A
  1. Introduced species (competition and introgression)
    management option: population management (isolation/removal)
  2. Habitat degradation (temperature and dams)
    management option: best management practices (buffers, channel improvements, dam removal)
  3. Climate change
    management option: creation of refugia
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11
Q

Coldwater streams

A
  • max summer T: 22°C
  • flowing waters, typically low order streams
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12
Q

What affects stream temperatures

A
  • air-water surface exchange
  • stream discharge
  • ground water/hyporheic exchange
  • topography
  • shading
  • small impoundments act like lakes, warmer in fall and winter but colder in spring and summer than surrounding streams
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13
Q

Xylophagous

A

Feeding or boring into wood
- presence of wood substantially increases the number of taxa at a site
- wood makes up a small % of habitat but contributes to a lot of biomass

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14
Q

Macrophytes

A

Aquatic plants growing in or near the surface
- provide structural complexity
- support more abundant and richer communities of invertebrates
- periphyton: complex mixture of algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, and detritus

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15
Q

Fine particles

A

< 1-2 mm
cause a decline in tot abundance and taxonomic richness (EPT taxa particularly sensitive)

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16
Q

Taxon diversity

A

structural complexity and heterogeneity are considered to influence both individual abundance and taxon richness

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17
Q

Niche theory

A

Describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors ( Biotic vs Abiotic vs Movement/Dispersal limitations)

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18
Q

Why flow rate is a master variable?

A

it affects channel slope, substrate composition, flow preferences, and spawning cues

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19
Q

Types of flows

A

Laminar: fluid particle movement is regular and smooth

Turbulent: irregular movement of water, unpredictable and dissipative

Transitional: intermediate conditions

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20
Q

Ecological processes affected by flow

A
  1. Dispersal
  2. Habitat use
  3. Resource aquisition
  4. Competition
  5. Predator-prey interactions
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21
Q

Key abiotic features

A
  • current
  • substrate
  • temperature
  • water chemistry
  • DO
  • alkalinity
  • physical habitat
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22
Q

Bankfull flow

A

Flow that fills the channel up to the top of banks prior to flooding

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23
Q

Thalweg

A

Deepest, fastest part of a stream channel

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24
Q

Sinuosity

A

Length of stream channel / length of straight line distance

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25
Q

Colluvium

A

Loose, heterogeneous, and incoherent mass of soil material and/or rock fragments deposited by rainwash

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26
Q

Alluvium

A

Deposit of clay, silt, sand, and gravel left by flowing streams in a river valley or delta

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27
Q

Alkalinity

A

It’s the buffering capacity of a water system (limestone makes streams more basic)

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28
Q

Factors affecting stream pH

A
  • natural rain water pH 5.7
  • soil buffering capacity
  • organic acids
  • sulfur/soda springs
  • pollution
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29
Q

DO

A

Dissolved Oxygen
Hypoxic: DO < 2 mg/l
Anoxic: DO 0 mg/l

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30
Q

Major components of streamwater chemistry

A
  • suspended inorganic matter
  • gases (N2, CO2, O2)
  • dissolved ions (Ca, HCO3)
  • dissolved nutrients (N, P)
  • organic matter
  • trace metals
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31
Q

Urban watershed

A
  • impervious surfaces
  • rapid runoff
  • flashy streams, peak discharge has a short duration
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32
Q

Forested watershed

A
  • soil can store more water
  • infiltration processes dominate
  • lower magnitude, long duration
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33
Q

Vadose zone

A

Water between soil surface and top of the water table

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34
Q

Natural Flow Regime components

A
  1. Magnitude
  2. Frequency
  3. Duration
  4. Timing
  5. Rate of change

Modification of flow has a cascading effect on the ecological integrity of rivers

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35
Q

Hydrologic alteration

A
  • dams
  • diversion weirs
  • water abstraction
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36
Q

Perennial vs Ephemeral stream

A

Perennial: continuous flow during the entire year
Ephemeral: flowing only during wet periods

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37
Q

Fluvial geomorphology

A

The study of channel forms and the processes and interactions among channel, floodplain, river network, and catchment

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38
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Processes in which organisms that are not closely related independently evolve similar features
e.g. Dr. Stiassny studying blind fishes in the Congo River

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39
Q

Factos affecting hydrographs

A
  • dams / releases
  • riparian zone in good vs poor condition
  • presence vs absence of parking lots / impervious surfaces
  • evapotranspiration
  • channelization
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40
Q

Hyporheic zone

A

Is the region of sediment and porous space beneath and alongside a stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow groundwater and surface water

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41
Q

Highest velocities in streams

A

They are found where friction is least, generally at or near the surface and near the center of the channel

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42
Q

Discharge

A

Volume of water/flow moving past a point over some time interval

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43
Q

Degradation

A

Erosion, or removal of sediment in a river. Kinetic energy increases and the sediment is not able to settle out

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44
Q

Aggradation

A

The deposition of material by a river, stream, or current

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45
Q

Advection

A

Unidirectional force of current

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46
Q

Ecosystem engineer

A

A species that significantly modifies habitat, often influencing habitat heterogeneity and species diversity

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47
Q

Natural bank and bed erosion

A
  • promotes riparian vegetation succession
  • creates habitats for aquatic plants and animals
  • above ground biomass of plants modifies flows and retains sediment
  • below ground biomass affects soil moisture and susceptibility to erosion
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48
Q

Floodplain

A

Is a generally flat area of land next to a river or stream. It stretches from the banks of the river to the outer edges of the valley

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49
Q

Serial Discontinuity Concept

A

Theoretical construct that views impoundments as major disruptions of longitudinal resource gradients along river courses

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50
Q

Natural Flow Regime Paradigm

A

Naturally occurring temporal fluctuations in streamflow are necessary for maintaining natural ecological communities

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51
Q

4 Dimensions of Streams

A
  1. Longitudinal (upstream-downstream)
  2. Lateral (Riparian/floodplain)
  3. Vertical (Hyporheic zone)
  4. Temporal (response time following disturbance)
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52
Q

Primary producers

A

Macrophytes, Periphyton, and Phytoplankton

Functions:
- nutrient uptake
- biomass
- pollutant sink
- photosynthesis and respiration

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53
Q

Aufwuchs

A

mosaic of periphyton and heterotrophic organisms

53
Q

Major algae groups

A

Cyanobacteria, Diatoms (most abundant in the US rivers), and Green algae

54
Q

Temporal and Spatial Variability

A

Temporal:
- frequent disturbance results in low but constant biomass
- less frequent disturbance results in cycles of accumulation and loss

Seasonal Variation:
- temperate locations are dominated by diatoms
- biomass is highest in spring, followed by fall

Spatial:
- habitat, landscape position, and climate

55
Q

Phytoplankton distribution

A
  • higher discharge, lower abundance
  • higher turbidity, lower productivity
  • higher light availability, higher productivity
  • higher grazing, lower phytoplankton abundance
  • higher nutrients, higher productivity
56
Q

Factors driving fish diversity

A
  1. Age
  2. Depth
  3. Adaptations for dispersal
  4. Continental drift
  5. Species invasions
  6. Location
  7. Anthropogenic impacts
57
Q

Species area relationship

A

There should be more species the larger the area that’s sampled (species richness highest in South America and lowest in Europe)

58
Q

Congo River Case Study

A

Hydraulic complexity as a driver of fish diversity

59
Q

Diadromous

A

fish migrating between fresh and marine ecosystems

60
Q

Anadromous

A

fish migrating from oceans to rivers

61
Q

Catadromous

A

fish migrating from rivers to oceans

62
Q

Amphidromous

A

fish migrating from fresh to salt water at some point other than breeding

63
Q

Potadromous

A

migrates within freshwater habitats

64
Q

Common Fish Families

A
  1. Leuciscidae
  2. Centrarchidae
  3. Catostomidae
  4. Percidae
  5. Ictaluridae
  6. Moronidae (White Bass)
65
Q

Functional Feeding Groups

A
  • Shredders (CPOM)
  • Collectors/Gatherers (fine benthic OM/ FPOM)
  • Collectors/Filterers (FPOM)
  • Scrapers (biofilms)
  • Predators (other insects)
66
Q

What affects macroinvertebrate abundance?

A
  1. Flow regime
  2. Stream location
  3. Pollutants/human activities
67
Q

Key Macroinvertebrate orders

A
  • Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies)
  • Plecoptera (stoneflies)
  • Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
  • Trichoptera (caddisflies)
  • Megaloptera (hellgrammites)
68
Q

Contribution of macros in the nutrient cycling

A

They ingest a large portion of the available nitrogen

69
Q

Major factors that determine the presence and abundance of a hyporheic fauna

A

hydraulic permeability

70
Q

Groundwater - macro

A

Insects are poorly represented in true groundwater habitats; presumably due to their dependence on access to the surface for one or more stages of their life

e.g. Edwards Aquifer, Stygobitic dytiscids

71
Q

What is drift?

A

Downstream transport of stream insects/other invertebrates in stream currents

72
Q

Why do organisms drift?

A
  • on of the major factors is food limitation
  • recolonization after disturbance
  • variables affecting drift also include water depth, velocity, and settling time
73
Q

Drift categories

A
  1. Catastrophic: results from disturbance of the benthos
  2. Constant: continual drift of low numbers of most species of stream insects
  3. Behavioral: indicated by characteristic patterns of behavior resulting in a predictable diel periodicity
74
Q

What type of macros are more likely to drift?

A

Ephemeroptera, Simuliidae, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera are the most common

75
Q

Drift Cues

A
  • Photoperiod
  • Current velocity/discharge (increased shear stress results in substrate removal)
  • water chemistry/temperature (low DO causes species to move)
  • benthic density
  • predators
  • life cycle stages
  • catastrophic (flooding, sedimentation, fish spawning)
76
Q

Stream Drift Paradox

A

In streams, a long-standing question, dubbed ‘the drift paradox’, asks why aquatic insects faced with downstream drift are able to persist in upper stream reaches

77
Q

Dispersal

A

Main mechanism that drives geneflow within and between populations

78
Q

Key concepts related to drift

A
  • alters distribution and colonization
  • alters energy flow
79
Q

Nutrient Spiraling Hypothesis

A
  • Webster and Pattern 1979, pointed out that nutrients in stream don’t cycle in place, but are displaced downstream as they complete the cycle
  • N and P cycling are a cornerstone of ecosystem biogeochemistry because all biota depend on these elements for critical cellular processes
80
Q

Assumptions for the Serial Discontinuity Concept

A
  • RCC and Nutrient Spiraling Hypothesis are true
  • the watershed is free of pollution and impoundments
  • undisturbed lotic reaches (riparian zones)
  • impoundment releases are not hyporheic and thermally stratified
81
Q

Serial Discontinuity Concept

A

Views impoundments as major disruptions of longitudinal resource gradients along river courses

82
Q

Flood Pulse Concept

A
  • Littoral zone, lateral dimension is more important for biota than longitudinal dimension
83
Q

Fish Life-History Strategies:

A

Fish Life-History Strategies: periodic (Sturgeon), opportunistic (Killifish), and equilibrium (Blue gill) spawners

84
Q

Fish assemblage responses

A
  • IBI estimates changes in the health of a fish community
  • assessment of changes in taxonomic distribution
  • changes in recruitment assessed through functional groups, feeding classes, reproductive guilds, and habitat guilds
85
Q

Species interactions

A
  • predation +/-
  • competition -/-
  • commensalism +/0
  • mutualism +/+
  • amensalism -/0
  • neutralism 0/0
86
Q

Definition of Keystone species

A

keystone species help to keep an ecosystem together and functioning by shaping it in various ways, from being apex predators to ecosystem engineer

e.g. Serengeti Rules, Mary Power

87
Q

Trophic cascades

A

It’s an ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain, which often results in dramatic changes in ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling.

88
Q

Herbivory

A

Consumption of autotrophic basal resources in lotic food webs (primary producers such as algae, cyanobacteria, bryophytes, vascular plants)

89
Q

Bottom-up effects

A

Higher productivity driven by nutrient enrichment potentially can propagate along food chains, increasing productivity of consumers and possibly lengthening food chains by supporting the addition of another trophic level

90
Q

Herbivory basal resources

A

N and P content are key predictors of bottom-up effects

91
Q

Top-down effects

A

predators typically reduce abundance of their prey, which benefits the next trophic level down the food chain. This pattern is widely observed when predators reduce grazers, leading to an increase of algae. When the effect extends over multiple trophic levels it’s called trophic cascade

92
Q

Effects of grazers on ecosystem processes

A
  • impact on gross primary productivity
  • downstream transport of carbon
  • nutrient cycling
  • plant abundance and composition
  • modify habitats
93
Q

Why does predation fall more intensively on some individuals or species relative to others?

A
  1. Predator choice, preference for a specific prey
  2. Prey vulnerability, product of size/body plan, palatability/energy content, life style/habitat preferences
94
Q

Prey detection

A
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Pressure/current detection
  • Chemoreception
  • Electroreception
95
Q

Primary factors influencing selectivity of prey items

A
  1. Abundance
  2. Size
  3. Motion
  4. Contrasting coloration/body plan
96
Q

Learned/Acquired Specialization

A

Predator behavior changes in relation to experience, tendency arises to forage on prey items which the predator consumes most frequently, with energetically-driven preferences

97
Q

Prey detection

A

Happens primarily by mechanical means

Two common tactics:
- sit and wait/ambush
- actively searching stream bottoms

98
Q

Primary factors affecting foraging of aquatic macroinvertebrates

A
  • light <0.1 is a common threshold for visual cues
  • increased habitat heterogeneity may increase prey availability but may also decrease foraging efficiency
  • predation rates increase with increasing temperature
99
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

Optimal foraging theory states that natural selection favors foraging strategies that balance the benefits of a particular food, such as energy and nutrients, with the costs of obtaining it, such as energy expenditure and the risk of predation. Optimal foraging maximizes benefits while minimizing costs

100
Q

Trophic level

A

position an organism occupies in food cain

101
Q

Trophic structure

A

Pathways by which energy is transferred

102
Q

Properties of Trophic Interactions

A

Only a portion of the energy of one trophic level is available for transfer and use by higher trophic levels

103
Q

What limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem?

A

Loss of energy at each trophic level is the reason which limits the number of trophic levels in a food chain

104
Q

What are some stream characteristics that could impact the trophic makeup of an ecosystem?

A
  • physical template (fluvial geomorphology)
  • hydrology
  • climate
  • land use
  • drainage/watershed position
105
Q

Connectivity in streams

A

High degree of connectivity between stream-riparian zones and surrounding ecosystems are derived from position in valley bottoms and its elongated form, which leads to high ratio of edge length to core area

106
Q

Riverine Landscapes

A

A riverine landscape includes the ecosystems (all living things including plants and animals) in and around the area of a river. A riverine may also be defined as a network of rivers and the surrounding land

107
Q

ICI

A

Invertebrate Community Index

108
Q

Why measure stream metabolism?

A

Measuring stream metabolic state is important to understand how disturbance may change the available primary productivity, and whether and how that increase or decrease in NEP influences foodweb dynamics, allochthonous/autochthonous pathways, and trophic interactions

Stream ecosystem metabolism is concerned with quantifying the balance of production and respiration

109
Q

Gross primary production (GPP)

A

Total amount of new C fixed

110
Q

Net primary production (NPP)

A

Total amount of new C minus autotrophic respiration

111
Q

Net ecosystem production (NEP)

A

Total amount of new C, minus total respiration (autotrophs + heterotrophs)

112
Q

Different P/R among streams

A
  • most streams tend to be net heterotrophic (P/R < 1)
  • some can have (P/R > 1)
    e.g. desert streams
113
Q

Drivers of stream metabolism

A
  • region characteristics
  • land use
  • OM
  • hydrology
  • nutrients
  • light
114
Q

Forest vs desert streams OM budgets

A

forest: GPP 3.5, CBOM 610
desert: GPP 1888, CBOM 5.2

115
Q

Seasonal patterns of C turnover

A

Streams can be more efficient in early/late summer in terms of C turnover

116
Q

Stream ecosystem metabolism

A
  • Stream metabolism: measures DO to quantify GPP, Ecosystem Respiration (ER), and the relative importance of each
  • Organic matter budgets: quantify all inputs, standing stocks and outputs of OM in a reach
  • Stream ecosystem efficiency: measure of carbon/organic matter turnover time and length and gives an ecosystem scale view of OM processing and C retention in streams
117
Q

Ecosystem Services

A
  1. Provisioning services: include the production of directly consumed resources, such as fish, drinking water, and hydropower
  2. Regulating services: are the benefits obtained from regulating processes, including waste decomposition and water purification, flood control, and pest suppression
  3. Supporting services: include basal resources, nutrient and other biogeochemical cycles, degradation of organic wastes, and species habitat
  4. Cultural services: include educational, recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits
118
Q

Rheophilia

A

Love for nature broadly, and for rivers specifically

119
Q

Goals in River Management

A

Restoration, Rehabilitation, and Improvement

120
Q

Integrated River Basin Management

A

Integrated river basin management (IRBM) is the process of coordinating conservation, management and development of water, land and related resources across sectors within a given river basin, in order to maximise the economic and social benefits derived from water resources in an equitable manner while preserving and, where necessary, restoring freshwater ecosystems

121
Q

Ecosystem-based management

A

Advocates a holistic approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including people and their activities, and the need for cooperative management over large jurisdictional areas

122
Q

Adaptive management

A

It’s an integrated, interdisciplinary approach that emphasizes on-going cycles of learning through management interventions, whether they succeed or fail, and the harmonizing of environmental and societal goals as the guiding framework

123
Q

EPA

A

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) creates and enforces laws designed to protect the environment and human health

124
Q

Major acts

A
  • Endangered Species Act
  • National Environmental Policy Act
  • Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
  • Surface Mining control and Reclamation Act
  • Clean Water Act
125
Q

US Clean Water Act (CWA)

A

In effect since 1972, enforces the total maximum daily load (TMDL) for all pollutants identified as causing impairment

126
Q

Three Pillars of River Management

A
  1. Fundamental science
  2. Measurement of progress
  3. Societal support
127
Q

Proximate causes of ecosystem changes

A
  • urbanization
  • industry/mining
  • land use/agriculture
  • watercourse alterations
128
Q

Ultimate forcing factors of ecosystem changes

A
  • ecosystem destruction
  • physical habitat alteration
  • water chemistry
  • direct species additions/removals
129
Q

Freshwater biodiversity components

A
  • overexploitation
  • flow modification
  • water pollution
  • habitat degradation
  • species invasions
130
Q

Inland waters values

A
  • economic
  • cultural
  • aesthetic
  • scientific
  • educational

STREAM ECOLOGY (2 decks)

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