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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

whats inside testes

A

125 meters of seminiferous tubules, constantly producing a lot of sperm cells

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2
Q

initial sperm formation

A

cant swim

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3
Q

where sperm mature

A

epididymus and vas deferens

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4
Q

wgar function of scrotum

A

controls temp of sperm formation 35 c

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5
Q

Epididymis:

A

Connected to vas deferens. Sperm mature in these ducts (they gain swimming ability) Mature sperm are stored here prior to ejaculation.

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6
Q

Urethra:

A

Common exit for both semen (with sperm) and urine in men. Smooth muscle contractions during orgasm propel semen out the urethra.

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7
Q

sperm head

A

contains one set of the male’s chromosomes (23). The cap of the head is the acrosome that contains digestive enzymes needed to digest through the outermost layer of the oocyte during fertilization.

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8
Q

sperm mid piece

A

contains mitochondria to create ATP that powers the flagellum.

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9
Q

Flagellum (or tail):

A

moves to propel the sperm up the woman’s reproductive tract. Sperm cells are the only human cells with flagella.

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10
Q

Why so many sperm produced 150-350 million cells

A

At most, only several hundred make it to the oocyte. The male needs to make so many in order to ensure that at least a few make it to the oocyte for fertilization.

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11
Q

Seminal vesicles:

A

secretes fructose (sperm energy source), and prostoglandin (causes muscle contractions within female’s uterus and vagina that help sperm travel upward = female orgasm)

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12
Q

Prostate gland:

A

secretes watery basic fluid (vagina is acidic pH 3.5 – 4 which kills bacteria, and sperm) pH  6

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13
Q

Bulbourethral gland:

A

secretes lubricating mucus, cleanses urethra of urine before ejaculation.

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14
Q

Penis:

A

spongy tissue with numerous hollow chambers which become filled with blood  erect penis (larger and stiffer).

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15
Q

Erection:

A

arterioles supplying penis become dilated (parasympathetic nervous system). Swelling closes off veins draining the penis  further swelling.

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16
Q

Impotence:

A

inability to achieve an erection

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17
Q

why impotence

A

Stress (sympathetic opposes parasympathetic) treatment: relax, psychological help
Blood vessel damage cigarette smoking leads to constricted arterioles to penis, can enhance arteriosclerosis (To males smoking: which do you want more, cigarettes or the ability to have an erection later in life?).
viagra - relaxes smooth muscle can help

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18
Q

Luteinizing hormone:

A

stimulates production of testosterone at puberty (triggers puberty) and secretion of testosterone throughout life.

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19
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone:

A

stimulates production of testosterone at puberty (triggers puberty) and may enhance sperm formation

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20
Q

Testosterone:

A

causes changes in male body associated with puberty including male sex drive and sperm formation in testes.

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21
Q

Ovaries:

A

release an egg (oocyte) every menstrual cycle from puberty until menopause.
This is known as ovulation.
A woman releases about 400 – 500 eggs in her life.

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22
Q

meno pause

A

cessation of the menstrual cycle (no more eggs released).
Declining estrogen  “hot flashes”: hotness, sweating and red face (blood vessels near skin dilate). This can happen during nights too, making sleeping difficult.
Osteoporosis risk increases: less estrogen means osteoblast cells are not stimulated as much.

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23
Q

Oviducts (fallopian tubes)

A

Fimbrae of oviducts sweep oocyte from ovary into the oviducts
Oviducts then take the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus with cilia.

Fertilization usually occurs here.
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24
Q

Uterus

A

A thickened uterine lining is needed for the fertilized egg to implant into it for pregnancy. The egg develops into a baby in the uterus.

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25
Q

uterus layers

A

Endometrium
Myometrium

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26
Q

Endometrium:

A

includes epithelial tissue as the uterine lining
Fertilized egg implants here after traveling down the oviducts for 5 days.
Endometrium develops into the maternal part of the placenta which provides nourishment / gas exchange to the fetus via the umbilical cord, and removes waste.
The placenta also secretes estrogen / progesterone to maintain a thickened uterus during pregnancy.
No fertilization: thickened endometrial inner lining sloughs off during menstrual flow (monthly period)

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27
Q

Myometrium:

A

smooth muscle, expands (flexible) during pregnancy, contracts during labor to deliver the baby.

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28
Q

Cervix

A

the base of the uterus, a narrow opening allowing entry of sperm from vagina to uterus.
The cervix must dilate (become wider) during childbirth, to allow the baby to move from the uterus into the vagina
Around the time a woman is ovulating, the cervix produces a more fluid mucus that helps sperm travel upwards into the uterus.

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29
Q

vagina

A

organ of female sexual intercourse and the birth canal
When a woman is sexually aroused, it releases a lubricating fluid, which helps entry of the penis into the vagina.

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30
Q

hymen

A

partially covers vaginal opening (protects from infection). Will rupture, with minor bleeding, at first sexual encounter or tampon insertion, or by vigorous physical activity.

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31
Q

clitoris

A

: small organ important to the female sexual response and orgasm. This is the only human organ whose only purpose is pleasure.
Derived from the same tissue as the penis in males: erectile and with many nerve endings at high density = very sensitive

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32
Q

female sexual response

A

Nervous stimulation increases blood flow to nipples, vagina, clitoris and vulva (the external genitalia of the female): the vulva swells, nipples and clitoris may become erect.
Vaginal secretions of lubricating fluids occurs.
One or more very pleasurable orgasms may occur: rhythmic muscular contractions of uterus and vagina (squeezes sperm upwards, and increases chances of fertilization).

33
Q

menstrual cycle

A

ovarian cycle

34
Q

Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian Cycle

A

1) Low estrogen / progesterone  more follicle stimulating hormone  maturing follicles  increasing estrogen
2) High levels of estrogen  a surge of luteinizing hormone  follicle ruptures, releasing egg (ovulation)
3) Release of egg creates corpus luteum, which releases high amounts of progesterone (and some estrogen)  inhibits FSH and LH
4) No fertilization: corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone / estrogen levels decline  increased follicle stimulating hormone (go back to 1 above)
Fertilization: Fertilized egg stimulates corpus luteum to continue releasing progesterone / estrogen. Later, placenta releases progesterone / estrogen to maintain pregnancy.

35
Q

menstrual cycle

A

More FSH  follicles mature (6-12 but usually only 1 primary follicle ovulates) more estrogen  surge of LH ovulation corpus luteum formed
more progesterone / estrogen. Progesterone inhibits LH and FSH.

No fertilization  prog. / estr. drops
 more FSH (repeat cycle above)

Fertilization  sustained prog. / estr.
FSH inhibited and sustained
pregnancy
Eventually placenta forms for more prog. / estr. to maintain pregnancy

36
Q

how prevent std

A

Abstinence.
Ask your partner questions.
Be alert for visual signs of STD’s in your partner’s genital area (strange fluids / sores / bumps).
Limit yourself to one partner, that is hopefully faithful to you.
Condom use reduces risk of many diseases, but syphilis, genital warts and herpes can still be transmitted, and pubic lice are unaffected.
Testing is also important. If you think you might have an STD, do not have sex until you are tested, and know you are disease-free.

37
Q

stds

A

Trichomoniasis public lice yeast infection

38
Q

yeast infection

A

yeast fungus often normally present in vagina): “cheesy” vaginal discharge, pain and inflammation, can be passed to man  discharge and painful urination. Treated with antifungal pills or cream.

39
Q

Trichomoniasis (protozoan):

A

painful inflammation and bad-smelling discharge from penis and vagina, painful urination. Treated with antibiotics.

40
Q

Pubic lice (arthropod)

A

blood sucking,
causing severe itching. Treated with
lice-killing lotions and shampoos.

41
Q

some HIV meds cause

A

lypodystrophy: redistribution of fat cells

42
Q

HIV meds

A

HIV medications slow disease progression and increase lifespan, but do not cure HIV/AIDS. Expensive treatments can be difficult to afford, and side effects include liver damage, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular disease, fat re-distribution, bone death, and skin rashes.

43
Q

viral stds

A

hepatitis b + hiv to aids + geenital herpes + genital warts

44
Q

Hepatitis B:

A

liver inflammation and scarring, jaundice (bilirubin not broken down), liver cancer.
10% of all cases become chronic. Spread through sexual fluids and blood.

45
Q

HIV leads to AIDS:

A

Virus kills helper T cells. Eventual death about 1-10 years after infection if not treated.
Medications can prolong life, NO cure.
Spread through sexual fluids and blood.

46
Q

genital herpes

A

periodic painful blisters, painful urination, flu-like symptoms, fever.
Contact with blisters easily spreads herpes. Very contagious.
Infected mothers can cause retardation, blindness and death to babies born with herpes.
No cure, remains in nervous system.

47
Q

Genital warts:

A

can contribute to cervical and penile cancer. Contact with warts easily spreads the infection.
Vaccine now available.

48
Q

stds bacterial

A

gonorrhea + chlamydia + syphilis

49
Q

syphilis

A

1st stage: non-painful, red sore appears after several weeks, women may not see this sore.
2nd stage: 1 - 2 months later, red blotchy rash on most of the body, hair loss, sores on various tissues. Sometimes this rash does not occur, or is not obvious.
3rd stage: 5 - 20 years after infection can result in cardiovascular damage and death due to blood vessel damage, and nervous system damage: paralysis and insanity
(All bacterial STD’s can be treated with antibiotics, although resistant gonorrhea strains are on the rise

50
Q

gonorrhea

A

painful urination and discharge from penis or vagina.
Can result in PID, also sterility for both sexes.
Men usually exhibits signs, women often may not know they are infected initially.

51
Q

chlamydia

A

: burning urination, discharge from penis or vagina.
Can result in PID and sterility in women.
Often no symptoms of infection, particularly in women.
Can pass from mother to newborn baby causing eye infections and pneumonia.

52
Q

Luteinizing hormone:

A

stimulates production of testosterone at puberty (triggers puberty) and secretion of testosterone throughout life.

53
Q

Ovaries

A

release an egg (oocyte) every menstrual cycle from puberty until menopause.

54
Q

meno pause

A

cessation of the menstrual cycle (no more eggs released).
Declining estrogen  “hot flashes”: hotness, sweating and red face (blood vessels near skin dilate). This can happen during nights too, making sleeping difficult.
Osteoporosis risk increases: less estrogen means osteoblast cells are not stimulated as much.

55
Q

oviducts fallopian tubes

A

Fimbrae of oviducts sweep oocyte from ovary into the oviducts
Oviducts then take the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus with cilia.

Fertilization usually occurs here.
56
Q

uterus

A

A thickened uterine lining is needed for the fertilized egg to implant into it for pregnancy. The egg develops into a baby in the uterus.

57
Q

cervix

A

the base of the uterus, a narrow opening allowing entry of sperm from vagina to uterus.
The cervix must dilate (become wider) during childbirth, to allow the baby to move from the uterus into the vagina
Around the time a woman is ovulating, the cervix produces a more fluid mucus that helps sperm travel upwards into the uterus.

58
Q

menstrual phase

A

low progesterone / estrogen  sloughing off of endometrial layer (days 1-5)

59
Q

Proliferative phase:

A

estrogen increases (due to maturing follicle)  endometrial lining increases. (days 6-14)

60
Q

ovulation

A

estrogen triggers luteinizing hormone surge (day 14)

61
Q

Secretory phase

A

: corpus luteum produces progesterone / estrogen, endometrium continues to proliferate.

62
Q

when is pregnancy most possible

A

Sperm survives up to 5 days, while eggs are viable 12-24 hours after ovulation. Ovulation timing varies, with a window of opportunity 10-18 days after the first day. Women are more attractive to men during ovulation. bw pf and secretory

63
Q

breast milk

A

has everything a growing baby needs to grow and develop for the first 6 months (after that they need extra iron)
Breast milk also with: antibodies, phagocytes. Breast feeding is beneficial!

64
Q

birth control

A

abstinence + surgical ster/vasec + pills injections + iuds +

65
Q

Diaphragms, cervical caps, sponge:

A

block the cervix so sperm cannot enter.

66
Q

Diaphragms, cervical caps, sponge %

A

Cervical cap: 89%, diaphragm + spermicide: 84%,
sponge + spermicide 83% effective.

67
Q

Chemical spermicides

A

kill sperm cells. Used with diaphragms, sponges and available with some condoms.
Spermicide alone: 75 – 82% effective.

68
Q

condoms

A

keep sperm (and many diseases) from entering vagina.
This is the only birth control method (besides abstinence) that also is effective against many STDs
Male and female condoms available.
Low-quality condom: 70%, high quality condom: 86%, high quality condom + spermicide: 95% effective.
Hold condom when withdrawing from the vagina so it does not slip

69
Q

Rhythm method

A

do not have sex during times when fertilization is most likely to occur. Monitor temperature for ovulation (temp. rises) or cervical mucus (very fluid around ovulation).
74 – 84% effective.

70
Q

withdrawal

A

Not recommended! Requires a great deal of self control.
74% effective.

71
Q

douching

A

washing the vagina out immediately after sex.
Only 40 % effective (so not effective, in other words).

72
Q

2 morning after pills

A

1 Progesterone / estrogen hormones prevent pregnancy by blocking ovulation (if ovulation has not yet occurred)
2) Block progesterone, stops preparation of uterus to receive embryo (post-fertilization, if ovulation has already occurred). Causes endrometrium to regress, so pregnancy not sustained. Works up to 7 weeks post pregnancy

73
Q

abortion

A

terminates pregnancy by removing fetus.
Very controversial

74
Q

Infertility

A

Number and quality of sperm (under 60 million sperm / ejaculation = infertile)
Failure to ovulate
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): bacteria (chlamydia, gonorrhea) scars oviducts, sealing them shut.
Gonorrhea can cause infertility in men too.

75
Q

Endometriosis

A

part of uterus moves up oviduct (during menstruation) and may attach to ovaries or oviduct
Cysts on ovaries or uterus, polyps in uterus
Cancers
Aging egg supply (past mid-30’s) some older eggs have problems with cell division and proper number of chromosomes during cell division

76
Q

Miscarriage

A

usually an indication that the fetus had genetic disorders, and was not developing properly. Therefore, this is generally not the woman’s fault.

77
Q

Infertility: Possible Solutions

A

Enhancing fertility (options):
Artificial insemination (for low sperm count). Sperm concentrated, then placed in vagina or uterus.

78
Q

ivf

A

: In vitro fertilization
Ovaries stimulated to produce multiple eggs which are surgically harvested.
Test tube fertilization in the lab.
Embryos divide in lab for a couple of days, then placed into uterus.
Extra eggs can be deep frozen for future use

79
Q

Fertility enhancing drugs:

A

boost egg production, by increasing the amount of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) the woman releases. (They don’t look tired, how?)

bio 103 (1 decks)

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