Final

Question 1

3 main factors to “unlock the pattern” or metazoans

Answer 1

• Symmetry
• # of embryonic tissue layers
• Fate of embryonic structures

Question 2

Radial Symmetry

Answer 2

Symm in 4 quadrants

Question 3

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 3

External symmetry across the center line.
Diagnoses bilateria

Question 4

diploblatic

Answer 4

• 2 embryonic tissue layers
• Ectoderm on the outside and endoderm on the inside

Question 5

3 embryonic tissue layers

Answer 5

• tripoblastic, bilarteria
• ectoderm
• mesoderm
• endoderm

Question 6

Enmetazoa

Answer 6

Primitive animals. Diploblastic and radially symmetrical. Includes cnidaria and ctenophores.

Question 7

Ctenophores

Answer 7

Includes comb jellies, which have “ctenes” or ciliary plates

Question 8

Cnidaria

Answer 8

Includes:
- Anthozoa: Corals, sea anemones, sea pens, sea pansies
- Scyphozoa - “Jellyfish,” typically take on medusa body plan
- Hydrozoa - hydras, portogese man’o war
- Cubozoa - box jellies
- Cnidocytes = stinging cells – can be polyp or medusa

Question 9

Protostomes

Answer 9

Spiral, determinate cleavage. Can be ecdysozoa or lophotrochozoa
Mouth forms first

Question 10

Deuterostomes

Answer 10

Radial, indeterminate cleavage.
Anus forms, then mouth

Question 11

Lophotrochozoa

Answer 11

• lophophores - cilliated respiratory/feeding structure
  trochophore larva

Question 12

Ecdysozoa

Answer 12

Forms an exoskeleton

Question 13

Cophotrochozoa

Answer 13

Rotifers, phoranids, Bryozoa (found @ river), Brachiopoda (famous fossils)

Question 14

Flatworms

Answer 14

Can be terrestrial or marine

Question 15

Annelida (segmented worms)

Answer 15

Leeches, Earthworms, flatworms
- Chaetae - chitinous bristles
- Chitin - hardered mouthparts

Question 16

Blastopore

Answer 16

Depermines embryonic fate - mouth or anus forming first

Question 17

Mollusca

Answer 17

trochophore larva
- mantle (tissue layer lining shell)

Question 18

Examples of Mollusca

Answer 18

• Chitons - 8 interlocking shell plates
• Bivalves (“clams”) - bilateral symmetry through the hinges, 2 shells, can also be shelless
  Gastropods - snails, slugs, sea slugs
  Cepalopods - squids, cuttlefish, ink carsencephalization (color vision), siphon (jet propulsion)

NOTE: limpets are complete shells, Chitons are plated

NOTE: Nudibranchs have sticks on their heads and gills, Marine flatworms are pretending to be nudibranchs

Question 19

Uniramia

Answer 19

Insects and friends

Question 20

Chelicerate

Answer 20

Pedipalps, cephalothorax, chelicerae

Question 21

Arachnids

Answer 21

Spiders

Question 22

Ontogeny

Answer 22

History of life

Question 23

Phylogeny

Answer 23

Evolutionary history of a group

Question 24

Chordata

Answer 24

Urochordata (sea squirts), Cephalochordata (amphioxus), Craniata/Vertebrata (people)

Question 25

Sexual Pressures of males vs. females

Answer 25

Females - gametes are large, costly, and rare
Males - gametes are small, abundant, and cheap

Question 26

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 26

• Males looking flashy
• Investing energetic resources in features that are useless or even harmful

Question 27

Evolutionary Medicine

Answer 27

Ways in which humans have evolved to protect themselves through diet, environment, etc.

Question 28

Reasons for choosing a male

Answer 28

• Direct benefits - chooses mates that benefit them
• “good genes” - display features indicate strong/desirable genes
• Sensory bias - collecting.displaying berries to attract females
• Runaway selection - directional selection from certain traits of one extreme

Question 29

Different types of coevolution

Answer 29

Mutualism, Commensalism, Antagonism
The term coevolution is used to describe cases where two (or more) species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution. So for example, an evolutionary change in the morphology of a plant, might affect the morphology of an herbivore that eats the plant, which in turn might affect the evolution of the plant, which might affect the evolution of the herbivore…and so on.

Question 30

Mutualism

Answer 30

(+/+)
Figs and Fig wasps

Question 31

Commensalism

Answer 31

(+/0)
- A small crab that lives inside an oyster’s shell
- Barnacles and whales

Question 32

Antagonism

Answer 32

(+/-)
Predator/prey, parasite/host

Question 33

The old friends hypothesis

Answer 33

The Old Friends hypothesis emphasises the role of exposures to microorganisms with which humans co-evolved as essential drivers of the regulatory and anti-inflammatory arm of the immune system.

Question 34

The Hygiene Hypothesis

Answer 34

the hygiene hypothesis states that early childhood exposure to particular microorganisms (such as the gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergies by strengthening the immune system