Final Flashcards
3 most common sources of milk
cows, water buffalo, goats, sheep
How much of milk production do dairy cows produce?
80%
The US dairy herd is <___ of 1956
50%
Milk production is ___ times that of 1956
almost 4
Milk composition: water
88%
Milk composition: fat
3 to 4%
What is milk fat composed of?
calories (48%) and vitamins
Where does most of milk’s flavor come from?
The milk fat
Milk composition: Carbohydrates
4.8%
What makes up lactose in milk?
carbohydrates
What percentage of carbohydrates do calories make up?
30%
What is the only natural source of lactose?
Milk
Milk composition: proteins
33%
What percentage of proteins are calories?
22%
___ vitamins essential to human survival are found in milk
All
What vitamin is added to milk?
Vitamin D
What mineral is milk a good source of?
Calcium
What mineral is milk not a good source of?
Iron
Milk products composition: fluid milk, cheese, ice cream
Fluid milk - 215 mil lbs
Cheese - 12 bil lbs
Ice cream - 0.9 bil lbs
What makes up 80% of milk products?
Fluid milk, cream cheese, butter
How much milk is used to make 1 lb of butter?
22 lbs
How much milk is used to make 1 gallon of ice cream?
12 lbs
Whole milk must have > ___ milk fat
3.25%
Skim milk must have ___ milk fat
0.5%
Milk Processing process in order
- Milk taken from cow with milk machine
- Rapidly cooled to 40 F
- Hauled to plant
- Pasteurized at plant
- Homogenized
-Cooled to 45 F
What does pasteurizing milk consist of?
exposing milk to temperature to kill bacteria
How long is milk exposed to 161 F?
15 seconds
What is ultra pasteurization?
280 F for 2 seconds
How long does milk processing take?
48 hours to 5 days
How much milk is consumed in the U.S. per capita?
200 lb of total dairy products
There has been an increase/decrease in skim milk products
Increase
Yogurt and cheese consumption has gone up/down the past 30 years
up
There is usually an _______-production of milk and milk products
over
What is the use of Grade A milk?
Fluid milk for consumption
What is the use of Grade B milk?
Manufacturing milk
What is Grade A, Class II milk used for?
Cottage cheese, cream and frozen desserts
What is Grade A/B, Class III milk used for?
Butter or cheese
What are the two types of chickens?
Broilers and Layers
What are broilers used for?
Meat
What are Layers used for?
Eggs
What are the sources for poultry products?
Turkeys, roaster chickens, ducks, geese, pigeons, guinea hens
90% of broilers are sold as _____ products
Cut-up
What percentage of chicken is sold from fast food?
60%
What is the process at an egg breaking plant?
Wash and sanitize
Break for individual inspection
Separate yolk white
How many eggs are processed per hour at an egg breaking plant?
Up to 50,000
Where do feathers and down come from?
Ducks and geese
What is Pate de foie gras?
Goose liver
How do producers achieve a fatty liver for Pate de foie gras?
force feed corn 3 times a day for 4 to 8 weeks
What is a poultry by poultry product?
Hydrolyzed feather meal for livestock
What is the consumption of poultry product per capita in the US?
105 lbs
What is the consumption of eggs per capita in the US?
276 eggs
What percentage of eggs consumed are shell eggs?
70%
What are some value added poultry products?
Chicken strips, nuggets, rotisserie, roaster, wings, boneless, skinless chicken
What are some niche chicken markets?
Free range, natural, organic, no hormones or antibiotics, fresh
Hair comes from
Cattle, pigs, horses and goats
Wool comes from
Sheep
Fur comes from
Mink, non-angora rabbits
Angora comes from
Angora rabbits
Mohair comes from
Angora goats
What are classes of wool determined by?
Length
What are grades of wool determined by?
Fineness of fibers
What are the three methods for determining grade of wool?
Spinning, micro diameter and American grade
Wool grade: spinning count: high number means more/less fine
more
What is the most accurate method for determining grade of wool?
Micron diameter
What are the three categories for American Grade in determining wool grade?
fine, 1/2 blood and 1/4 blood
What class of wool is Marino?
Fine
What class of wool is Hampshire?
Medium
What class of wool is Romney?
Course
What is lanolin?
Oil produced by sheep?
What class of wool is Columbia?
Medium
What class of wool is Lincoln?
Coarse
What kind of meat does cattle produce?
Beef and veal
What kind of meat does pig produce?
Pork
What kind of meat does goat produce?
Chevon
How much red meat in produced per year?
222 million tons
What are the top three producers of red meat?
China, Brazil and the U.S
What is the process for processing red meat?
Harvesting at processing plant
Blood is drained
Hide/hair removed
viscera is separated
Meat is shipped
What are the methods for killing the animal?
Stunning (electrical or mechanical)
CO2 gas
How are the carcasses drained for red meat processessing?
The jugular vein or carotid artery is cut
What is the definition of viscera?
The drop/offal of the carcass
What makes up the viscera?
Head, hair, shanks, internal organs
What does the following equation determine?
(Hot or cold carcass weight/live weight) x 100
Dressing Percentage
What are the labels for an angus beef chart?
Chuck, rib, short loin, sirloin, round, brisket, fore shank, short plank, flank
What is the yield for angus beef?
Amount of boneless retail cuts
What are the pork cuts?
Jowl, Boston butt, loin, ham, picnic shoulder, spare rib
Muscle, fat, bone and connective tissue make up the _________ composition of meat
Physical
What are myofibers?
Muscle fibers
What are the two myofilaments?
Myosin and actic
What is the chemical composition of meat?
Water, protein (actomyosin), fat, minerals
What is actomyosin?
Protein
What amount of the $7729 that US households spend on food is spent on animal products?
$890
Put the following in order
farm
food retailers
marketing points
feeder/finishers
packers/processors
- farm
- feeder/finisher
- marketing points
- packers/processors
- food retailers
What is the Packers and Stockyards Act and what year was it established?
Uniform and fair marketing practices;1921
What are the top two retailers in red meat sales?
Walmart and Kroger
What are the top 3 dairy cow breeds?
Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss
Describe a Jersey cow
Golden brown
Describe a Holstein cow
Chil-Fil-A cow
Describe a brown Swiss cow
Chocolate milk colored
What does dairy type describe?
What the cow looks like
Stature, angularity, level rump are all terms for what?
Dairy type
Long and lean neck, milk veins, strong feet and legs are all terms for what?
Dairy type
What is the linear classification system?
an evaluation tool to enhance selection for high milk productionW
What is the average productive life for a dairy cow?
3 to 5 years
Reproductive failure, low milk yield, udder breakdown, lameness, mastitis are all causes for what from a herd?
Culling
What is culling?
Cutting a cow from the herd
What is lameness?
Foot and leg weaknessW
What is mastitis?
Infection in the udder
How much is semen from an excellent sire?
$25 to $50
% fat and protein are _________ heritable
Highly
Yearly milk production is ________ heritable
Medium
Health issues are ________ heritable
Low
377300 cows
23791 lbs milk
What breed of dairy cow is this?
Holstein
111400 cows
17302 lbs milk
What breed of dairy cow is this?
Jersey
9800 cows
18703 lbs milk
What breed of dairy cow is this?
Brown Swiss
________ and Jersey produce more milk solids
Brown Swiss
What does DHIA stand for?
The National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement
What does composite mean in relation to beef breeds?
Still being developed?
What does purebred mean in relation to beef breeds?
Providing ancestry, register in breed organization
There is/isn’t variation among purebred beef cattle
Is
What breed is most economically important in beef cattle?
None
What are the top four beef cattle breeds?
Angus, Hereford, Red Angus, Simmental
How long is the calving interval?
365 days
How long is calving season?
<90 days
(# weaned compared to # exposed) = 85%
+ calving interval = 365 days
+calving season < 90 days
% calf crop weaned
Select for low/high birth weight
Low
What does weaning weight represent?
The mothering ability of the cow and preweaning growth rate
What is the heritability of weaning weight?
30%
Post weaning weight is weaning/finished weight to weaning/finished weight
Weaning; finished
Weaning weight is adjusted _____ days
205
Post weaning weight is adjusted ____ days
365
What percentage heritable is post weaning weight?
40%
What is post weaning weight measured in?
Pounds per day
Most of the pig market is cross/pure bred
cross bred
119763 litters
What breed of pig is this?
Yorkshire
84673 litters
What breed of pig is this?
Duroc
51616 litters
What breed of pig is this?
Berkshire
Do seedstock producers use pure or cross bred pigs?
Pure bred
What is the term for performance standards for pigs?
Symbol
Symbol I
Market barrows
Symbol II
Market gilts
Symbol III
Market goals adopted in 2005
What are the market goals for pigs under Symbol III?
205 lbs carcass
Intramuscular fat >3%
Free of parasite and Halothane gene
Live weight efficiency of 2.4
Muscle score of 4.0
Symbol III: weight of pig
205 lbs
Symbol III: intramuscular fat
> 3%
Symbol III: pig is free of ___________ and ______________ gene
parasite; Halothane
Symbol III: weight efficiency
2.4
Symbol III: muscle score
4.0
What are four breeds of sheep?
Suffolk, Dorset, Rambouillet, Hampshire
What is the goat breed for meat?
Spanish goat
Toggenburg is used for ______
Dairy
Saanan is used for
Dairy
What goat breeds are used for dairy?
Toggenburg, Saanan, Alpine, Nubian, La Mancha, Oberhsi
What goat is used for fiber?
Angora
What is the most popular horse breed?
Quarter
What are the two second most popular horse breeds?
Thoroughbred and Paint
What is Class of chickens determined by?
Group of birds developed in some broad geographical area
What is breed of chicken a subdivision of and what is it determined by?
Subdivision of class; shape and size
What is variety of chicken a subdivision of and what is it determined by?
Subdivision of class; feather color and type of comb
What is a turkey Pedigree flock?
Pure lines crossed to produce generation 2
Male turkeys are selected for
Meat, growth, eating
Female turkeys are selected for
Fertility, hatchability, egg size, meat
