Final

Question 1

Political Participation

Answer 1

any activity that is intended to or has the consequence of affecting, either directly or indirectly, government action (Verba, Schlozman, and Brady 1995)

Question 2

Political efficacy

Answer 2

the subjective feeling that one’s actions can help bring about political change

Question 3

Political accountability

Answer 3

this exists when citizens can sanction or reward those in power for their actions. In democracies, free and fair elections serve as the primary mechanism of political accountability

Question 4

examples of the common forms of political participation for ordinary citizens in democracies

Answer 4

-voting in elections
-participating in protests
-signing petitions
-contacting office holders
-volunteering for political campaigns

Question 5

what attitudes and beliefs are positively related to electoral participation?

Answer 5

-socioeconomic and demographic factors ( education, age, gender)
- political efficacy
-interest in politics
-civic duty
-strong identification with a political party

Question 6

factors that have a negative effect on turnout

Answer 6

-in-person voting requirements
-high material costs of voting
-high cognitive costs

Question 7

what are the material costs of voting

Answer 7

money and time spent for registration, going to the polls and to follow the campaigns

Question 8

what is mobilization by voters

Answer 8

the process by which candidates, parties, activists and groups induce other people to participate

Question 9

effects of costs of abstention

Answer 9

can manifest themselves as:
- psychic tension
-dissonance
individuals feel upon failing to take part in collective action in certain circumstances

Question 10

turnout

Answer 10

the total number of votes cast (valid or invalid) in an election, typically expressed at the percentage of the population eligible to vote

Question 11

political mobilization

Answer 11

activities by political actors to increase the likelihood of people participating in politics, such as voting or participating in protests

Question 12

civic duty

Answer 12

thinking of voting not just as a right of citizenship but also a civic responsibility to fulfuill

Question 13

partisanship

Answer 13

a long-term, affective, psychological identificaiton with one’s preferred political party (Campbell et al, 1960)

Question 14

rational choice theory

Answer 14

school of thought based on the assumption that people act purposefully, making choices that will provide them with the greatest benefit given the chances

Question 15

social pressure

Answer 15

influence exerted on a person by another person or group to behave in certain ways

Question 16

which individuals are more prone to join protests?

Answer 16

men
younger individuals
traditionally disadvantaged groups
marginalized groups

Question 17

relative deprivation

Answer 17

the perceived lack or resources or desirable things in comparison to what other persons or groups in society possess

Question 18

repression

Answer 18

the act of subduing someone by force. in the context of protests, it typically refers to the use of force by law enforcement officials to disperse crowds

Question 19

social media

Answer 19

websites and online applications that enable indivudals to share information and interact with each other

Question 20

what is gender?

Answer 20

a socially constructed system that creates hierarchies associated with masculine and feminine characteristics. This includes the norms, behaviours, and roles associated with being a girl, woman, boy or man

Question 21

what is intersectionality

Answer 21

the ways in which gender intersects with other forms of difference, such as race, class, ability,religion, caste and age - to create advantage or disadvantage in different social systems

Question 22

what is totalitarianism

Answer 22

a type of dictatorship in which there is an ideology whose goals are to be achieved through political mobilization

Question 23

authoritarianism

Answer 23

a dictatorship without an ideology

Question 24

what are some varieties of authoritarianism?

Answer 24

(Geddes)
-military
-personalist
-party-based
(svolik)
-institutionalized
-consolidated

Question 25

what is competitive authoritarianism

Answer 25

-constant but unsuccessful attempts to wipe out opposition, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, to dominate the courts to consolidate authoritarianism