Final

Question 1

Sharecropping

Answer 1

After Reconstruction in the South, newly freed black people rented pieces of land and worked it, giving a share of the crop to the owner while they didn’t have to pay the slaves cash. Also a way for white plantation owners to continue slavery

Question 2

Hoovervilles

Answer 2

Shantytowns built during the Great depression (1930s) due to the economic recession on the edges of cities and housed people who’d lost their homes due to economic downturn

Question 3

Double-V Campaign

Answer 3

A movement started by the Pittsburgh Courier( W.E.B Dubois) newspaper during WWII that tried to promote fighting for democracy overseas (as opposed to fascism) and racial justice for black Americans (victory both abroad and home)

Question 4

McCarthyism

Answer 4

Who- Joseph McCarthy led a Campaign against Communists during the 1950s
which was successful because everyone was worried about communists, leading to 2nd red scare. Led to repression of countercultural views

Question 5

Jehovah’s Witnesses

Answer 5

Religious group that started in the 1870s founded by Charles Taze Russel because he disagreed with some traditional Christian values. 30s and 40s, significance is that they won some court cases that paved the way for American courts to respect religious minorities (EG right to not say the pledge of allegiance and to pass out religious literature)

Question 6

Nuclear Family(Don’t forget the why!)

Answer 6

An image of the “ideal” family with a married couple with children. Started in late 1940s because of industrialization and early capitalism (Husband is the breadwinner, wife is enjoying consumerism, appliances)

Question 7

Countercult Movement

Answer 7

Religious conservatives pushing back against minority faiths/religions denominations they saw as cults (Mormons, JWs). Created tension between Mormons and Evangelical Christians 1950s-80s

Question 8

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

Answer 8

Letter MLK wrote from Birmingham jail released in 1963 stating protests were the right move and how he was disappointed that the protests, not circumstances leading up to , were being bashed.
Argued for civil disobedience.
why- Some clergymen said protests were unwise, should use court system and praised police for retraint

Question 9

Black Panther Party (Who, what, when, where, why, how)

Answer 9

Party founded on Malcolm X’s ideas in Oakland in 1966 to early 1980s that had programs including free food, health clinics, drug/alcohol abuse awareness, free ambulance/dental to protect black residents from police brutality
“Policed the police”, jumping them if they made a stop

Question 10

Stonewall Uprising

Answer 10

Riot in 1969 in NYC LGBTQ+ people by that lasted 5 days in response to a raid at a gay bar for not having a liquor license
to stand up to police brutality against gay people

Question 11

The Feminine Mystique (who, what, when, why)

Answer 11

Book written by Betty Friedman in 1963 challenging traditional role of women because she believed there was an epidemic of unhappy women trapped in the home

Question 12

The Religious Right

Answer 12

Movement by religious conservatives working against the counterculture of the 1960-70ss. Against gay rights, abortion, same-sex marriage, want to preserve traditional culture. Mostly voted for Reagan, led to his election

Question 13

Ku Klux Klan (What, when, where, why, how)

Answer 13

A racist group active from 1865-1870 and 1915- who wanted to restrict rights of black people (EG voting/buying land). Mostly in the south, held prejudice against black people. Responsible for lynchings, cross burnings, etc.

Question 14

Ida B. Wells

Answer 14

Civil rights leader in Illinois (late 1800s) who helped found NAACP and documented lynching to help end violence against black people

Question 15

Ghost Dance Religion

Answer 15

Dance in many NA religions that started in late 1800s in Nevada that was a way to express hope and resistance against white oppression.
Prophet Jack Wilson, Wovoka

Question 16

Racialization

Answer 16

The process of separating groups of people or institutions by race to create an imbalance of power (pre early 1970s when title ix was passed).

Question 17

Chinese Exclusion (22 catch up)- Why?

Answer 17

Prejudice- 1st time an entire group denied entry into US. Mob violence, burning down Chinatowns, forcing relocation throughout the West.

Chester A Arthur (Enacted Chinese exclusion act) enacted Laws and actions in place to prevent Chinese immigration/target chinese people in the late 1800s because of fears of takeover- seen as industrious, cunning, and resilient (1880s?)
where-

Question 18

Muckraking

Answer 18

Journalists (Jacob Riis, photographer, captured how immigrants were living and published photographs to get people to understand “how the other half lives”) exposing corruption through journalism in late 1800s to spark social reform, mostly in urban areas.

Question 19

Jim Crow

Answer 19

Set of laws that started in the South from late 1800s to mid 1900s that caused segregation, mostly in the south, to keep black Americans from having rights (Preventing integration)

Question 20

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Answer 20

Fire in 1911 that killed over 100 young women that happened in a shirtwaist factory due to neglected safety measures, sparked social reform

Question 21

Flapper

Answer 21

Young women in 1920s who did not believe in the more traditional values of their time and defied them by living a more liberated lifestyle

Question 22

Galveston Movement

Answer 22

Movement that directed Jewish people to Texas (some out of Russia) to give them a better life after being exposed to pogroms and famine in the early 1900s. Also trying to Americanize Jewish immigrants byu having them work countryside and own land (American values)

Question 23

Following the era of Reconstruction, the United States
entered a period known as the “racial nadir” – meaning
the “lowest point” in race relations. What specific
systems did the South implement to limit the freedoms of
African Americans and establish a new racial order
founded on the ideology of white supremacy?

Answer 23

Black codes (Jim Crow), disenfranchisement (poll tax, literacy tests, grandather clause), sharecropping

Question 24

2. As the U.S. expanded into the West, attempts were made to
   further limit the freedoms of Native Americans. In what
   ways did this occur? What was done to many Native
   Americans and Native American communities?

Answer 24

Dawes Act (dividing reservations and tribal land into plots), (almost) forcing children into boarding schools to “civilize them”. Forced to give up aspects of their culture (EG cutting hair, converting to Christianity, dressing in traditional American clothing)

Question 25

3. In class we looked at the following representation of
   Irish Americans in the context of immigration and the
   racialization of immigrants. How does this image
   demonstrate the racialization of Irish immigrants in the
   1800s? What messages did this convey?

Answer 25

Depicts them with ape-like features, as lazy and unproductive, poor, primitive, compares them to Africans. Promoted nativism

Question 26

4. At the end of the 19th century, Americans debated whether
   the United States should engage in imperialism. What were
   some reasons for and against imperialism? What were late
   19th to early 20th century examples of American
   imperialism abroad?

Answer 26

Philippine islands as a
steppingstone to Asian
markets
-Cuba and Puerto Rico
gateways to Latin
American markets
-Can’t self-govern

Against-
-Against American morals (Self-gvmt, against DOI because discouraging independence)

Examples-
-Phillipine Islands, Hawaii, Guam

Question 27

5. What ideologies and practices helped fuel the growth of
   industry and big business during the gilded age? Who
   benefited from this growth? In what ways? Who did not?
   How not?

Answer 27

Ideologies/practices:
-Laissez-Faire” Capitalism, Industrialization, mass production,

Benefitted:
-Women
-immigrants
New job opportunities

Didn’t:
-Racial minorities
-Some workers

How they didn’t:
-Discrimination
-Unsafe working conditions

Question 28

GO OVER 6. During the Progressive era, Americans engaged in a broad-
based political movement to change Americans’ social andpolitical life. What ideas fueled the Progressive
movement? What types of change did Progressives push
for? Who/what did they target for reform? What
strategies did they use? (Make sure that you are
consulting both lecture and your readings as you answer
these questions.)

Answer 28

Citizens were obligated to interfere to improve political and social issues, and that it was possible to solve problems.

Wanted to end monopolies, corrupt politics, improve public utilities, and “Americanize” new immigrants

Used muckraking, passed legislation relating to food and working conditions/minimum wage

Question 29

During World War I, some groups of Americans were targeted
as being potentially disloyal to the nation. Who were
they and how did the government or American society treat
them?

Answer 29

Anti-German campaign- German immigrants seen as potential enemies. German not allowed to be spoken in schools. Distrusted.

JWs- Religious cnovictions against loyalty oaths. Violated sedition Act- banned negative talk about gvmt or war effort. Many arrested becuase encouraged people to evade draft.

Question 30

Why did African Americans engage in the Great Migration
that moved them from the rural and urban South to the
North? What were the push and pull factors that
motivated them to migrate? When African Americans
arrived in the North, what were their experiences? Was
the North the promised land they were hoping for?

Answer 30

Disenfranchisement, racial violence, insects destroying crops, (Generally racism) demand for workers up North (because of WWI). Looked for better jobs, working conditions, education, standard of living.
Generally better than previous circumstances (Still some racism), led to social reform in later decades.

Question 31

9. The 1920s saw a rise in nativism and notions of white,
   Anglo-American superiority throughout the US. In what
   ways did racial and religious minorities counter this
   trend and calls for “100% Americanism?”

Answer 31

KKK, swayed lawmakers and public opinion to create immigration quota system. (Only X amount of people from this country, etc). Chinese/japanese exclusion. Emphasized ethnic American identities for force immigrants to abandon cultural identity.

Question 32

10. What were the economic and social impacts of the Great
    Depression and Dust Bowl on people living in America? How
    did Americans survive the Depression?

Answer 32

Low production, high rates of unemployment and homelessness, low trade. Made people less confident in capitalism.

Dust bowl killed crops, worsened recession, caused long-term economic difficulty.

People survived by foraging, living very frugally, riding the rails, and moving to Hoovervilles

Question 33

11. What was the New Deal? Who created it? How did the New
    Deal or Roosevelt’s administration benefit (or fail to)
    African Americans?

Answer 33

Series of programs, public works projects, financial reforms created by FDR to end Great Depression

Provided low cost housing, educational opportunities, but didn’t address segregation

Question 34

12. Why did some Americans support isolationism in the 1930s?

Answer 34

The Great Depression and wanting to recover from WWI

Question 35

13. Why were the Japanese interned during World War II? What
    hardships did the Japanese face in the process (what
    rights were taken away)?

Answer 35

Many Americans thought they were untrustworthy, had to sell their farms, businesses, had a lack of privacy and no due process in most cases

Question 36

14. In lecture, we discussed some of the important local,
    national and international consequences of atomic bomb
    production and usage. What were these consequences?

Answer 36

People are afraid of atomic warfare (Russia, China). Prepared with bomb drills, building bomb shelters. Films like Godzilla (fears over destruction of atomic warfare, radiation).

Question 37

15. What was the Cold War? Who were the two primary powers
    involved in the Cold War? What was the US’s goals in the
    Cold War? How did the US prepare for this “war” at home
    and abroad?

Answer 37

Period of tension between US and USSR- US wanted to spread capitalism, US developed atomic bombs, made bomb shelters and held bomb drills. USSR wanted to spread Communism.

Question 38

16. How did the Cold War affect civil liberties in the United
    States? In what ways did the government use the anti-
    communist crusade to deprive some Americans of their
    freedoms? Who became targets of this crusade?

Answer 38

Less freedom of speech for fear of being accused of being a communist. People wanted to find “subversives”, which was anyone who went against traditional order

Question 39

17. What was the GI Bill and what impact did it have on
    American society? Who did it benefit? Who did it not
    benefit?

Answer 39

Bill benefitting WWII veterans, helped them get (tuition, living expenses. Fueled growth of suburban life). home loans, postsecondary education, job training, disability. Mostly helped white veterans, not non white

Question 40

18. Explain the nuclear family and the role of women in 1950s
    American society. What were women expected to do? What
    kind of work did they perform? How was this idealized
    lifestyle/family supposed to be an ideological weapon in
    the Cold War?

Answer 40

Mother, father, children. Women were expected to be the mother, homemaker, and obedient wife. Did housework, USSR dissented because her role was seen as not equal to men’s (should be in workforce, receiving equal pay)

Question 41

19. America during the early Cold War years experienced a
    revival of religion or a renewed respect for religion.
    What are specific examples of religiosity in American
    culture and society during this time? Why did this occur?

Answer 41

War viewed as being Christianity against Communism, good against evil. Communism stood for atheism, which many Americans would have opposed

Question 42

20. What was the tri-faith America ideal we discussed about
    in class? What did this mean for American religious
    identity?

Answer 42

Judaism, Protestantism, and Christianity all shaped what it meant to be religious in America, and that anyone who practiced one of these faiths could be considered a real American

Question 43

21. What group of Americans in particular pushed back against
    Mormonism’s cultural acceptance or assimilation into the
    mainstream? Why did they do so? How did they do so?

Answer 43

Evangelicals, referred to mormonism as a cult, bashed religious practices in films and literature

Question 44

22. What basic freedoms did African Americans seek through
    the Civil Rights Movement? What were some of the
    successes that African Americans achieved because of the
    Civil Rights Movement?

Answer 44

Desegregated society, voting rights.
Banned discrimination in public accommodations and employment, outlawed educational requirements

Question 45

23. Both the US and the Soviet Union tried to win the
    allegiance of the “third world” throughout the Cold War.
    What are some specific ways they tried to do so?

Answer 45

Peace Corps (founded 1961 by JFK to promote relationship with other countries by sending young Americans to help develop education). USSR used propaganda (took race issue in America, showed to Asia and Africa)

Question 46

24. During the 1960s and 1970s, America underwent a “Rights
    Revolution” in which many different groups began to push
    for their civil and human rights. What specific groups
    began to push for rights? What factors inspired these new
    movements?

Answer 46

Women, racial minorities, LGBT+ people. Discrimination, police brutality, violence

Question 47

25. What were some achievements or rights that women won
    during the women’s liberation movement?

Answer 47

Addressing sexual harassment, discrimination, rape, laws against firing pregnant women

Question 48

26. What did students call for during the school walkouts in
    the American Southwest in the late 1960s? Why?

Answer 48

More academic courses since they were being steered towards vocational training, representation in history, smaller class sizes, better facilities

Question 49

The War on Terror

Answer 49

Gloabl campaign in early 2000s against terrorism or any groups that could be against America, included any groups that supported terrorists. Led by George W Bush following 9/11 to end terrorism

Question 50

In what ways did the internet change American society?
Why were some concerned about internet technology?

Answer 50

Unlimited access to information, e-mail, online shopping.
Concerns with copyright law, segregation of people using internet, indecent material

Question 51

29. How did Americans react to the September 11th, 2001
    attacks? What were the attitudes and treatment toward
    Muslim Americans following the attacks?

Answer 51

More people held higher opinions of Muslim Americans immediately after (Bush spoke positively on their behalf), but their opinions soured about a year afterwards. Protests against mosques being built

Question 52

This semester we looked at how world events shaped the
character of American religion and religious life in
general, shaping how the early colonies and United States
went from practicing religious intolerance to valuing
religious tolerance and diversity. What are the most
important ways global events impacted the rejection or
acceptance of non-Protestant minority faiths in America? Be
sure to use specific examples (of persons, religious
groups, or events) in United States history when supporting
your answer.
EVERY TIME YOU SEE THIS, DO ONE STEP IN COMING UP WITH DRAFT. Intro, 2 body paragraphs (4-5 sentences each), conclusion.

Answer 52

War
-Post 9/11, anti-Muslim sentiments start (Verbal harassment, protests of mosques being built). More people had positive view of Islam immediately afterwards, but fewer a year or two after. A lot of people saw Islam as likely to cause someone to act violently.

(9/11- Anti-Muslim sentiment, Bush said it was unamerican to treat muslims like radical extremists if there wasn’t a valid claim for it. Mosque construction protested, anti-muslim violence and harassment). Sentiment still exists today on some level, never went down to pre 9/11 levels.