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1
Q

process requiring energy

A

active transport

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2
Q

tranport across a cell membrane by a carrier

A

facilitated diffusion

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3
Q

ADME characteristics, or how th ebody affects the xenobiotic

A

toxicokinetics

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4
Q

reaction with the toxicological receptor, or how the xenobiotic affects the body

A

toxicodynamic

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5
Q

Reduces the bioavailability of a xenobiotic

A

first pass effect

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6
Q

The process in which compounds are modified into metabolited that are more toxic than the parent compound is called ___

A

bioactivation, toxification, metabolic activaiton

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7
Q

The most important enzyme for the phase I biotransformation reaction is ___

A

CYP450

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8
Q

___ is a genetically-determined response to a toxicant that doesn’t follow a dose response relationship and doesn’t require prior sensitization

A

idosyncrasy

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9
Q

the ___ fraction of the toxicant exerts toxicity

A

unbound, free

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10
Q

The process of carcinogenesis requires often more than one mutation and is therefore considered a ___ process

A

multistep

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11
Q

the process of carcinogenesis requires activation of ___ and inactivation of ___ genes

A

proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes

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12
Q

the four stage in the process of carcinogenesis are:

A

initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis

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13
Q

The ___ trimester is the most sensitive period of fetal development, and the fetus is most susceptible to toxicants during this time

A

first

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14
Q

___ is an OSHA regulated male reproductive toxicant that causes oligospermia

A

DBCP

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15
Q

Both the ___ and ___ of exposure to a reproductive toxicant affects the toxic response

A

dose, timing

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16
Q

All of the following are mechanisms for toxicity to the red blood cell except: (decreased RBC survival, changes in RBC function, Decreased RBC production, Increased RBC production

A

increased RBC production

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17
Q

Mechanism of action for lead

A

Decreased RBC production leading to sideroblastic anemia

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18
Q

Mechanism of action for arsine gas

A

decreased RBC survival due to hemolysis

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19
Q

Mechanism of action for trinitrotoluene

A

Decreased RBC production due to aplastic anemia AND/OR oxidative hemolysis

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20
Q

Mechanism of neurotoxicity:

A

neuronopathy, axonopathy, myelinopathy, transmission toxicity,

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21
Q

For gases, ___ best predicts the region of the respiratory system affected

A

water solubility

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22
Q

for particulate, ___ is the best predictor for respiratory region affected

A

size

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23
Q

The stratum corneum is the primary barrier to skin absorption. what is the proper order of permeability from Least to MOST permeable

A

soles, palms, scrotum, forehead, abdomen

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24
Q

Characteristics of Zone 3 of the liver acinus that makes it more susceptible to chemical injury than zone 1 and 2 include what?

A

oxygen-depleted blood supply, more cytochrome P450 enzymes, least glutathione

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25
What are the two primary reasons why the live is a target for chemical-induced injury?
the liver is the primary site for biotransformation in the body Location means the liver makes first contact with ingested substances
26
What part of the kidney is most susceptible to toxic injury?
proximal tubules
27
Why is the kidney sensitive to nephrotoxins?
-Large blood flow delivers xenobiotic to the kidney -Xenobiotic transporters move xenobiotics into the kidney, particularly in the proximal tubules -Metabolizing enzymes bioactivate xenobiotics -Solutes, including toxic agents, are concentrated during urine production
28
What is the unique effect of methylene chloride/dichloromethane
metabolized to carbon monoxide
29
what is the unique effect of carbon tetrachloride
Zone 3 hepatic necrosis
30
What is the unique effect of trichloroethylene
Degreaser's Flush
31
What is the pesticide class that is responsible for most reported poisonings, including both occupational and non-occupational poisonings
pyrethrin and pyrethroid insecticides
32
___ cholinesterase is relatively stable over time within the same individual, and therefore is used for baseline determinations in occupational biomonitoring for cholinesterase inhibitors. ___ cholinesterase is more labile and is used to monitor recovery from a cholinesterase inhibitor exposure
RBC (erythrocyte) Plasma
33
Solvents:
n-hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone, general effect of all solvents, trichloroethylene, ethylbenzene
34
Neurologic effect with chronic exposure to n-hexane
peripheral neuropathy
35
neurological effect with chronic exposure to methyl n-butyl ketone
peripheral neuropathy
36
general effect of all solvents
Chronic encephalopathy
37
neurologic effect with chronic exposure to trichloroethylene
cranial neuropathy (especially trigeminal)
38
neurologic effect with chronic exposure to ethylbenzene
hearing loss
39
___ and ___ are toxic gases formed from metals than can cause massive intravascular hemolysis
arsine, stibine
40
Silver exposure related disease
argyria
41
Cadmium exposure related disease
Itai-itai disease/pathologic fractures
41
Tin exposure related disease
stannosis (benign pneumoconiosis
41
Arsenic exposure related disease
acrocyanosis or blackfoot disease
42
Nickel exposure related disease
allergic contact dermatitis
42
Lead exposure related disease
wrist drop
42
___ radiation has sufficient energy to eject one or more electrons from an atom or molecule. ___ radiation has enough energy to make atoms in a molecule vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons
ionizing, non-ionizing
43
What does Roentgen measure?
exposure
44
What does radiation absorbed dose (rad) measure
absorbed dose
45
what does gray measure (Gy)
absorbed dose
46
what does Sievert (Sv) measure
dose equivalent dose and effective dose
47
what does rem measure
dose equivalent dose and effective dose
48
what does Curie measure
activity
49
what does becquerel measure
activity
50
What class of lasers require medical monitoring?
class 3B class 4
51
Biomonitoring metabolite of benzene
phenol
52
biomonitoring metabolite of toluene
hippuric acid
53
biomonitoring metabolite of styrene
mandelic acid
54
Simple asphxiants
carbon dioxide, methane, argon, nitrogen
55
chemical asphyxiants
carbon monoxide, phosphine, cyanide, hydrogen sulfide
56
What is absorbed dose a function of?
Frequency, Intensity, and Duration of and exposure No exposure means no dose No dose means no effect
57
What must be present for a dose to be received?
plausible route of exposure
58
Does proximity to a chemical mean exposure?
No, a confirmed/plausible route of internalization must be present
59
Toxicokinetics?
Study of the effect of the body on the substance (ADME, studies the changes over time)
60
What is a TD50? LD50? ED50?
61
What is a NOAEL? LOAEL?
62
What is a deterministic response vs. a stochastic response?
63
What factors make a xenobiotic more likely to cross membranes?
64
What is an elimination half-life?
65
What happens to elimination half-life with repeated over-exposure?
66
Which xenobiotic is more potent
67
Name the phase II reactions? Which do not result in a significant increase in hydrophilicity?
68
True or False. Hepatic metabolism makes xenobiotics less toxic. Explain yourself
69
Describe the "linear no-threshold" concept for carcinogens
70
Name the traditional phases of carcinogenesis. Which are reversible?
71
What is IARC
72
When do pregnant persons become aware they are pregnant?
5-6 weeks gestational age
73
When would a chemical hazard be most likely to produce significant harm to fetal development?
3-8 weeks gestational age
74
When would be the best time to inform a worker of reproductive hazards in their workplace?
75
Is an employer required to protect/employ pregnant (or potentially pregnant) workers in a manner different than they would an employer that cannot become pregnant?
76
the four agent that OSHA has directed as a reproductive hazard
ethylene oxide, lead, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), ionizing radiation
77
What is the difference between a reproductive and developmental hazard?
78
Describe the clinical effects on offspring associated with thalidomide use
79
name two historical compounds associated with decreased sperm counts
80
when should a worker be informed of reproductive or developmental hazards in their workplace? why?
81
When giving someone nitrostat, why must you maintain a nitrite free interval of 8-10 hours everyday?
82
A farmer develops respiratory distress one day after inspecting green grain in a silo. What is the toxicant?
83
Among nitroglycerin (NTG) workers, what is "Monday morning headache"?
84
Why do we check G6PD status on active duty personnel?
85
why would an infant given well water turn blue
86
what toxicants are associated with bladder cancer
87
Describe the pathophysiology mechanism of methemoglobinemia
88
excessive use of nitrous oxide places the user at risk of what conditions
89
What condition may result in greater susceptibility to bladder cancer due to aromatic amine exposure
90
A farmer develops respiratory distress one day after inspecting green grain in a silo. What is the toxicant and what delayed condition are they at risk for?
91
Among nitroglycerin (NTG) workers, why would heart attacks happen on Sunday afternoon?
92
Name the mechanisms through which halogenated hydrocarbons can be lethal
93
What toxicants were in agent orange
2,4-D 2,4,5 TCP Uncouplers I think
94
Name two former uses of carbon tetrachloride
Dry fluid, fire extinguisher
95
Describe the unique toxicities of trichloroethylene
96
Describe the unique toxicities of methylene chloride
97
describe the unique toxicities of vinyl chloride
98
What are the common clinical effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons
What toxicant(s) were in Agent Orange
99
Describe the toxicities of carbon tetrachloride
100
What causes Degreaser's Flush
101
Toxicants associated with hepatic angiosarcoma
102
Describe the cardiotoxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons
sensitization to catecholamines
103
Describe the cholinergic toxidrome
104
describe concerns about use of DDT
105
what's the most likely clinical effect of a pyrethrin
106
what class of insecticides are you most likely to encounter in residential/commercial areas?
107
Describe monitoring for organophsosphates
108
What cancer(s) are associated with benzene
109
Name two unique toxicities of toluene
110
Describe n-hexane neuropathy
111
Describe effects of simultaneous ingestion of ethanol and methanol
112
Describe systemic effects of phenol
113
Describe the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin
114
Describe the mechanism of action and clinical effects of tetrodotoxin
115

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