Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psych > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is bottom-up processing.

A

In a model of stages of cognition it represents information going from the sensory stores to the LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the definition of cognitive neuroscience?

A

It is the study of how different parts of our brain function during information processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a stimulus response scheme and who repped it?

A

Skinner wrote a book arguing that only behaviors that can be tested should be looked at. A stimulus reponse scheme works by assosiated stimulus with response without mental operation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is arousal?

A

A physiological state that influences mental capacity to certain tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is automatic processing and what is its characteristics (4)?

A

Automatic processing is processing that happens without conscious thought. It is very quick, done without conscious thought or effort, doesn’t interfere with other processes. Low error rate. This is in comparison to controlled processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is contextual effects?

A

The influence of surroundings on pattern recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is enduring disposition. What type of attention (vol or invol) is it associated with?

A

An automatic influence is the the automatic influence that guides people’s attention. Associated with involuntary attention. In comparison to momentary intention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is momentary intention?

A

It is the change in focus caused by a person’s task/intention consciously influencing it. Associated with voluntary attention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between a filter model, and attenuation model, and a late-stage selection model? Does it relate to capacity or bottleneck theories?

A

-Broadbent’s filter model: attention is limited by a filter that only lets one stimulus from one channel through at a time
- Treismann’s attenutation model: attention allows many inputs through, but attenuates less important/focused on inputs.
- Deutch and Deutsch late selection model: attention is wide, allowing a lot through, but only a little is remembered due to constraints on STM and LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a multimode theory of attention?

A

It suggests that individuals have control over the bottleneck’s location, and that different tasks require different bottlenecks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the stroop effect? What does it show?

A

It takes longer to think of the color of the ink than the color the word spells. It shows that controlled processes can trump automatic processes with a bit of effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an absolute judgement task? Which study was it used in?

A

An absolute judgement task is when you ask a subject to rate a stimulus on a scale? Used in Miller’s study of STM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is decay theory and inference theory? How are they different and which was supported by experimental evidence?

A

Decay theory: the theory that STM information decays over time
inference theory: the theory that STM information is kicked out as new information comes in. This is supported by Waugh and Norman study.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three parts of working memory? What do they do?

A

The three parts are the phonological loop, which allows for manipulation of auditory info, the visuospatial sketchpad, which allows for manipulation of visual spatial info, and the central executive, which allows for decision making. There is also the episodic buffer, which allows for use of past memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do we do to search memory: exhaustive or self-terminating search

A

S. Sternberg showed that recall correlated to the number of objects given, not the order the object was put in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between a conceptually driven process and a data-driven process?

A

-Conceptually driven: influenced by strategies
- data driven: influenced by stimulus materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is explicit and implicit memory? Which correlates to episodic memory and which correlates to semantic memory? Direct and indirect memory?

A

-Explicit memory is consciously known past events, which is associated to episodic and direct memory.
-Implicit memory is not explicitly based on past events, which is associated to semantic memory and indirect memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the primacy effect? What is the recency effect? What are they caused by?

A

Primacy effect: the beginning of lists are remembered more because they are rehearsed more and so can get into LTM
recency effect: the end of lists are remembered more because they have been recently stored in the STM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the characteristics of STM and LTM?

A

STM: Short time limit, limited number of items/capacity, acoustic codes
LTM: unlimited capacity and duration, defined by semantic codes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are metacognitive processes? What are control processes? Include three examples each.

A
  • Control processes help move information from STM to LTM. They include rehersal, coding, and imagery (knowledge aquisition)
  • metacogntive processes select strategy for info processing. They include setting short-term goals, scheduling, and self-reflection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

The encoding specificity principle states that the best recall cue for something is ones that relate to the method in which it was encoded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the level of processing model?

A

-Its a model that suggests that there are different ways to encode material and that that effect recall. Structural encoding is the least deep and semantic processing is the most deep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is primary and secondary distinctiveness?

A

Primary distinctiveness is the main characteristic that differentiates the object. Secondary distinctiveness is the other ways the object is differentiated in the LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the differences between sensory store, STM and LTM when it comes to entry, maintenance, format, capacity, and duration

A

Sensory store: preattentive entery, no maintenance possible, no encoding, large capacity, decay leads to loss of a few seconds
STM: attention directed entry, continued attention required for maintenance, information is formated into a memory code, limited capacity, 30 second decay rate because of displacement
LTM: control processes allow entry, retrieval/repetition allows for maintenance, largly semantic codes, very large, interference can lead to variable decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is emotional and processing distinctivness?

A

Emotional distinctivness: The item is intense emotionally
process distinctivness: the creation of the code is what makes it distinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a transfer appropriate processing approach and what theory does it stem from?

A

It is using a strategy that allows for easy recall of material by learning it in a way that improves recall. It stems from encoding specificity principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a transfer appropriate processing approach and what theory does it stem from?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the dual-coding theory? How is it used in mnemonics

A

Encoding a stimulus visually and verbally improves recall. Visual and verbal codes are independent but help recall and enforce eachother (Mnemonics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Visual codes are (detailed/vague) and are (numerous/limited) in capacity

A

Vague and numerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is parallel processing and what are its advantages? What test showed this?

A

-Parallel processing: more than one item is processed in knowledge representation. Associated with visuospatial representation.
-Nielsen and smith, 1973: found that students who saw a visual representation of a face preformed better on retention tests than those who saw verbal descriptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the keyword method and what theory is it under?

A

The keyword method uses visual representation of new words to learn them. It requires that a new word be linked to an old ‘keyword’ that then is associated in a visual image. This is under the dual-coding theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is propositional theory? Does the Kosslyn et al. 1978 study support it?

A

-All knowledge can be expressed semantically
- Kosslyn et al. showed that when asked questions about distances on two locations on a map, the answer correlated to the length of the distance between the two points.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is propositional theory?

A

Every concept can be represented semantically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What did Paivio’s 1971 test do?

A

paivio’s test: imagery potential of word pairs given to subject is a better predictor of learning than high-association value

35
Q

What did the Shepard and Metzler 1971 experiment show?

A

It showed that the rotation degrees that a subject would make in their head in order to answer a 3D rotation problem correlates linearly to time it took to answer

36
Q

What is hemispatial neglect? what does it cause?

A

Damage in the posterior right parietal lobe causes left visual feild deficiet. This causes people to loose the ability to interact with information in their left visual feild

37
Q

What is the hierarchical network model of semantic organization and who what is proposed by?

A
  • Rosch et al. 1976 created a three tiered hierarchical system to memory
  • superordinate: an overarching category who have few attributes in common
  • base-level: intermediate category, characterized by being the most differentiated level
  • subordinate: the smallest catagories, with many attributes per a category
    *Supported by Bower et al. 1970 which showed that info presented hierarchically become
38
Q

What is the feature comparison model of semantic organization and who was it proposed by and what are the two stages?

A
  • The feature comparison model compares the features of the new item to features common in each category to figure out where it goes.
    -problem: not great with goal-derived catagories, only taxonomical.
    -Proposed by Smith et al. 1974
  • stage one: compare all features of two concepts and determine similarity
    -stage two: examine defining features if nessisary
39
Q

What is the spreading activation model of semantic organization and who was it proposed by?

A

-Concepts are linked together via relationships (Part of, types of, characteristics of, and leads to)
-spreading activation: when one concept is activated it spreads to related concepts and attributes
- proposed by Collins and Loftus, 1975
- can explain semantic priming

40
Q

What is Barletts schema theory?

A

-The mind uses schemas to organize new and old experiences into abstract cognitive structures
-schemas: a general knowledge structure that provides a framework for knowledge acquisition

41
Q

What two things did Farah, 1988 show?

A

1) visual imagery uses the same brain as vision
2) selective damage to brain impairs visual imagery similar to vision

42
Q

What is the difference between rule learning and attribute learning? What type of tasks are they?

A
  • types of concept identification tasks
  • Rule learning: ppl are told attributes and asked to figure out the rule
  • attribute learning: ppl are told a logical rule but have to discover relevant attributes
43
Q

What is a logical rule? What are the two types known for class?

A
  • logical rule: a rule based on logical relations
  • conjunctive: two or more attributes are all requried for rule
  • disjunctive: two or more attributes are required, but not all nessisary
44
Q

What is the difference between a rule and an exemplar? When are they used?

A

A rule is a set proceedure followed when a problem happens that guarantees the correct result. An exemplar is a strategy that is followed that can help arrive at the correct result.
Rules: used during initial learning (eg prototype model)
exemplar: used when experienced

45
Q

What is the prototype and feature-frequency rule? Are they rules or exemplars

A

These are rules: they use a specfic set of instructions to abstract information about the object
- Prototype: new item is categorized under the category it fits the prototype of
-feature frequency: new item is categorized by adding up all the features shared between it and the category

46
Q

What is the average-distance rule and the nearest-neighbor rule? Are they exemplars or rules?

A

These are exemplars: they use an average or approximation to determine best fit
- average distance: ppl compare patterns to the category’s examples
- nearest-neighbor: selects the category with the closest example to the new item

47
Q

What is the typicality effect? What is the category size effect?

A

-Typicality effect: the effect that arises when some examples in a category are considered better and more typical than others
-Catagory size effect: Smaller categories tend to have greater similarity -> classified faster

48
Q

What did Collins and Quillian 1970 test show?

A

-Higher jumps in semantic hierarchy take longer to answer
facilitation: infomraiton can be accessed easier because of previous question

49
Q

What are scripts about?

A

Scripts are knowledge of routine activities, such as standard roles, props, or conditions

50
Q

What is modal and amodal experiences?

A

-amodal: knowledge that is abstracted from sensory experiences
- modal: knowledge that is represented from sensory experiences

51
Q

What is the perceptual symbols model?

A

Knowledge is retrieved by from the LTM by reenacting perceptual experiences

52
Q

What is the difference between characteristic and defining features?

A

defining: necessary for membership in the category
characteristic: usually present in a category member

53
Q

What is the difference between syntax, semantic and grammar?

A
  • Semantics = meaning + grammar
    -Syntax: how words are organized in a sentence
    -grammar: the rules that symbols follow in a language
54
Q

What is the difference between Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

-Aphaisa: the inability to use language in some respect
-Broca’s: inability to use grammar due to damage in the frontal lobe
-Wernicke’s: inability to have meaning in their sentences due to damage in their temporal lobe

55
Q

What does Kuhl 1993 prototype study show?

A

-As phonemic prototypes form, discriminating the variance around them becomes harder.
Prototype is considered a ‘perceptual magnet’

56
Q

What is phrase-structure grammar?

A

dividing sentences into their grammatical units to derive hierarchial relationships

57
Q

What is transformational grammar?

A

Catagorizing sentences by their ability to transform into other related sentences via rules

58
Q

What are the four stages of Carpenter and Daneman’s semantic context comprehension model

A
  • fixate and encode next word (pattern recognition)
  • retrieve concept activated by fixated word + prior context
  • integrate retrieved concept with prior context
  • successful integration or error heuristics
59
Q

What does Swinney and Hakes’ 1976 study show?

A

found that subjects took longer to identify phonemes when it followed an ambiguous word. Effect was eliminated when context clarified the meaning

60
Q

What two things do skilled readers do?

A

-better able to suppress inappropriate meanings
- higher working memory capacity
- better error recovery heuristics

61
Q

What is the difference between surface and deep language structure?

A

Surface= sentence structure
deep = underlying meaning

62
Q

What is the word superiority effect and the sentence superiority effect?

A

Word superiority effect: letters in words are easier to identify than nonwords
- sentence superiority effect: words are easier to identify in sentences than by themselves

63
Q

What is a lexical decision task?

A

Its asking if a word is actually a word that belongs in a sentences

64
Q

What are Greeno’s three classification of problems?

A
  • arrangement problems: parts need to be rearranged in order to satisfy it
  • inducing structure: series completion problems that ask subject to complete a rule based pattern
  • transformation: start and end state is known, but inbetween steps must be solved
65
Q

What skills are needed for solving arrangement problems (3)?

A
  • fluency in generating and sifting through possibilities
  • retrieval of solution patterns
  • prior info of the search
66
Q

What skills are needed to solve a inducing structure problem (2)?

A
  • identifying relations amoungst components
  • working memory: for comparison
67
Q

What is means-end analysis?

A

It is comparing the starting and final state of a transformation model and eliminating the differences via steps

68
Q

What is the difference between a search space and a problem space?

A

Problem space: a set of choices evaluated at each step in problem solving determined by the solver
search space: a set of choices at each step as determined by the problem

69
Q

What is heuristics?

A

strategies that can help solve a problem, but do not guarantee the solution

70
Q

What are subgoals, analogies, means-ends, and diagrams?

A

heuristics

71
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

A set of rules that will solve the problem

72
Q

What is representational transfer?

A

The use of the same format for two problems. Includes analogical transfer and is very hard to do when not told to. Dependent on representing the solution on an abstract level.

73
Q

What is needed in order to do well on a transformation task?

A
  • Capacity, ability to encode and retrieve
  • search space navigation
74
Q

What is a compensatory and noncompensatory model? When is which one used and which test showed this?

A

-Compensatory: subject adds up all the characteristics of an option and compares it to others
-noncompensatory: subject looks at a few attributes that must be in an option
-Payne, 1976: when subjects are given a large task with lots of variables, they use a noncompensatory model. Visa versa for small capacity tests

75
Q

What are additive models and additive-difference models in decision making?

A

Compensatory models
- additive: adds attribute values to each option
- additive-difference: compares options by adding their attribute values

76
Q

What are elimination-by-aspect and conjunctive models of decision making?

A
  • noncompensatory models
    elimination-by-aspect: evaluate options and reject those who do not meet minimum requirement
  • conjunctive: reject option if the value of an attribute fails to meet a minimum
77
Q

What is the Dual process theories of judgement? Who suggested it?

A
  • Two systems during problem solving. System one is quick an uses associates to derive approximate answers. System two is slow and rule-based used to derive the precise answer.
  • if system one cannot solve the problem, then it is overriden by system two
  • Kaheman and Frederick, 2005
78
Q

How do you calculate expected value, expected utility, and subjective expected utility?

A

-Expected value= probability of occurance * value
- expected utility = utility of the option * probability
- subjective expected utility= subjectivity probability * utility

79
Q

What is a decision frame?

A

A decision frame is when the same problem can be shown in different formulations due to preferences, such as how the problem was portrayed

80
Q

What is loss aversion?

A

Loss aversion is the characteristic that we are more senitive to losses than gains. This is shown in Weber 1998 experiment, when he found that even if the expected value was the same, if one had a higher stakes of loss then it was avoided.

81
Q

What is a recognition-primed decision?

A

An informed decision made quickly in recognition of a situation. Needs practice, but is considered an automatic response

82
Q

What is Bayes theorem?

A

A normative proceedure that combines prior probability with new evidence to get a new probability

83
Q

What does Hegarty 1992 show?

A
  • Hegarty did the pully system. He showed participants a series of questions about pullies, and then had them answer true-or-false about it. Found that bigger pully systems had faster time delays only on kinematic questions

psych (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions