Final Flashcards
What is the 1st vaccine a neonate receives at birth?
Hep B w/in 24 hrs of birth
When is first DTaP?
2 months
When are MMR and Varicella administered?
NOT before 1st birthday unless traveling outside of country and then can receive MMR as young as 6 month and again at 12 months
Who is the annual influenza vaccine recommended for?
All children >6 months
Conjunctivitis: What is it? S/Sx? Treatment
Inflammation of Conjuctiva
Caused by bacteria, viral or allergic agent
Bacterial “pink eye” most common
S/Sx:
-red swollen eye
-excessive tearing
- clear, watery or yellow drainage
- eyelid crusting
Treatment
- Bacterial - antibiotic
- Allergic - antihistamine
- Viral - symptom management
Who gets HPV vaccine?
11-12 y/o but can start at 9 and go through 18 y/o
2 or 3 dose series depending on age at vaccination
Periorbital Cellulitis: What it is, S/Sx
Strabismus: What is it? Treatment? Complications?
Cross-eye/Misalignment of eyes - eyes turn inward or outward
Needs to be detected and corrected by age 4 or 6 to prevent disuse amblyopia
Treatment: eye patching, surgery or corrective lenses
Complications: amblyopia if untreated, visual deficits
Amblyopia: What is it? Treatment? Type?
- Lazy eye
- Reduced vision in 1 or both eyes
Types: disuse (resulting in blindness)
Treatment: glasses/lenses, eye patches, surgery
Ottis Media: What is it? Types? Cause by? S/Sx? Treatment?
- Middle ear infection
- Most common 6months-2 years
2 Types:
Acute OM
- S/Sx: fever, bulging, red tympanic membrane
- Caused by? streptococcus pneumoniae, h. influenzae
- Treatment? antibiotics, analgesic/antipyretic, pressure equalizing tympanostomy tubes
Ottis Media with Effusion
- fluid in middle ear space w/o s/sx of infection
- S/Sx: dull, retracted TM, fullness
Complications:
- Chronic OM
-Hearing Loss
-Meningitis
- Eardrum perforation
- Cystic mass (cholesteatoma)
Nasopharyngitis: What is it? S/Sx? Treatment?
- Upper respiratory Infection
- Common Cold
S/Sx:
- 4 to 10 days
Treatment:
- Saline drops
- room humidification
- Antipyretics
- Increase fluid to thin mucus
Pharyngitis: What is it? S/Sx? Treatment?
- Viral or bacterial (group A beta-hymolytic streptococcus)
- Bacterial dx with throat culture
S/Sx:
- enlarged red tonsils
-sore throat
-headache
-FEVER
- ABDOMINAL PAIN
Treatment:
- Antibitoic for bacterial
- Fluids
- Saltwater Gargles
-Analgesic/antipyretic
- Tonsillectomy
Posttonsillectomy Care
1) Promote airway clearance - side-lying or prone position
2) Maintain fluid volume - discourage coughing, encourage fluids (NO citrus, brown or red)
3) Pain Relief - ice collar and analgesics (narcotic or not)
frequent swallowing usually indicates bleeding
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: What is it? S/Sx? Treatment?
AKA: Chronic Lung Disease
- Complication of prolonged o2 therapy - especially in
- preterm infants on ventilation
- Immature lungs most important factor
S/Sx:
- tachypnea
- wheezing
- rales
- tachycardia
- barrel chest
- pallor
- activity intolerance
- poor feeding
Treatment:
- Bronchodilators
- Corticosteroids
- Diuretics
-Anti-inflammatory
- Nutrition
Cystic Fibrosis: What is it? dx? S/sx? Treatment? Goals? COmplications?
Inherited Autosomal Recessive disorder of exocrine gland dysfunction
Abnormal mucous secretion and obstruction
Most common cause of chronic respiratory disease
Dx: gold standard: sweat chloride test (sodium and chloride); >60mEq is positive and test will be repeated; 72-hour stool collection
S/Sx:
- Salty
- Fatty Stools
- Profuse sweating
- clubbing
- Increased A-P chest diameter - barrel chested
-Thin Extremities/muscle wasting
Affected Systems: respiratory, GI, reproductive,
Complication - pancreatic fibrosis
Treatment:
- Pancreatic enzymes to prevent fatty stools
- Vitamin Supplements ADEK
- Antibiotics id’d by culture
- Mucolytics
- Chest physiotherapy
- O2
- High calorie diet, high in protein, low fat
- Preventative Vaccines
Goals: minimize pulmonary complications, adequate growth
Croup: Acute Epiglottis: What is it? S/Sx? Treatment?
- LIFE THREATENING
- Bacterial
S/Sx:
- Dysphagia
- Drooling
- Dysphonia
- Distress - tripod position, tachypnea,
- HIGH FEVER
Treatment:
- NO SUPINE position
- DO NOT LEAVE ALONE
- NO THROAT CULTURES OR ANYTHING IN MOUTH
- EMERGENCY TRACH equipment MUST BE AVAILABLE
- nonrebreather masks
Croup: Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis
- Viral, most Common, slow progression
- Most common cause is RSV
S/Sx:
- fever
- brassy, barking cough
- dyspnea
-restlessness
-irritable
Treatment:
- humidity
- nebulized
- corticosteroids
-
Croup: Acute Bacterial Tracheitis: What is it? S/Sx? Treatment
- Bacterial caused by staphylococcus, group a strep, haemophilus influenza
- Moderately progressive
S/Sx;
- URI
- HIGH fever
- Croupy cough
-STRIDOR
- Purulent Secretions
Treatment: Antibiotic
BronchiOLITIS: What is it? S/Sx? Treatment?
- RSV most common cause
- Inflammation of bronchioles
S/Sx:
- URI
- Tachypnea
- Retractions
- Thick nasal secretions
- Anorexia
- LOW grade fever
- Wheezing/crackles w/ auscultation
Treatment:
- Humidified O2
- IV FLUIDS
Pneumonia: What is it? Dx? S/Sx? Treatment?
- Viral, bacterial or due to foreign body aspiration/inhalation
- Most are bacterial
Dx: chest x-ray
S/Sx:
- cough
- fever
- abdominal pain
- headache
- adventitious breath sounds
Treatment:
- Chest physiotherapy
- REST, FLUIDS,
- Encourage coughing
- Antibiotic if bacterial
- Isolation
Prevention: Vaccine
Tuberculosis: Caused by? Who has increased risk? S/Sx? Treatment?
- Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Increased Risk: children with HIV
Dx: Skin test and sputum culture
S/Sx:
- malaise
- fever
- cough
- WEIGHT LOSS
- anorexia
Treatment:
- 6 to 9 months (must report to health department)
- Nutrition, chemotherapy, supportive
- Antibitoics
Pertussis: S/Sx, Treatment, Prevention
Asthma: What is it? S/Sx? Treatment? Goals?
Heightened airway reactivity
S/Sx:
- wheezing
- cough
- tachypnea
Treatment:
- Smoking cessation
- Rescue: SABA: Albuterol Rescue (red inhaler)
- Maintenance: LABA, inhaled corticosteroid,
- Asthma Action Plan
Goal:
- Optimal pulmonary function
- Able to perform daily activities
- Participate in sports
Congenital Heart Disease
Defect in the heart or great vessels
Persistence of fetal structure after birth
Types:
Increased Pulmonic Flow: patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Ventricular Septal defect (VSD)
Decreased Flow: tetralogy of fallot, tricuspid atresia
Mange w/ indomethacin to close gap or surgery
S/Sx
- Tire easily
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Treated with indomethacin to close
Astrial Septal Defect
Systolic injfection murmor
CHF
Ventricular Septal Defect
Spontaneous closure may occur
Tetrology of Fallout: 4 Defects, treatment, symptoms
Pulmonic stenosis
right ventricular hypertrophy
overriding aorta
ventricular septa defect
Treatment: surgery to improve oxygenation
S/Sx: TET spell when bending down
Aortic Stenosis
Audible murmur during systolic phase of cardiac cycle
Click may be heard and thrill may be present
Coarctation of the Aorta
- Blood pressure difference of 20mm between upper/lower extremities
S/Sx:
- Brachial/radial pulse full
- Femoral pulse weak/absent
Complication: congestive heart failure
Transpositon of the Great Vessel
Survival depends on foramen ovale remaining open
Symptoms appear at birth or soon after
Treatment: surgical correction
S/Sx: progressive cyanosis –> hypoxia –> acidosis
