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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

7 properties of life

A
  1. Order
  2. Adaptation
  3. Responds to environment
  4. Reproduction
  5. Growth & development
  6. Energy processing
  7. Regulation
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2
Q

Taxonomic classes

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
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3
Q

3 domains of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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4
Q

Positive vs. negative feedback

A

Negative: opposite direction (I.e. blood pressure)

Positive: same direction (I.e. fever & virus)

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5
Q

Proteomics

A

Study of sets of proteins

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6
Q

Proteome

A

Entire set of proteins in a cell, tissue, or organ

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7
Q

Genomics

A

Study of genes

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8
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genes in an organism

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9
Q

Concepts of natural selection

A

If there is:
- heritable variations
- competition
- adaptation

Then there will be:
- more adaptive variations
- better suited to environment

  • driving force of adaptation
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10
Q

Who is Charles Darwin?

A
  • contributed to knowledge of evolutionary biology
  • wrote “on the origin of species”
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11
Q

Element

A

Substance that can’t be broken down

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12
Q

Compound

A

Molecule of 2+ different atoms of different elements

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13
Q

Molecule

A

2 atoms bonded together

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14
Q

Difference between proton, neutron, & electron

A

Proton: positive charge, 1 AMU mass, found in nucleus
Neutron: no charge, 1 AMU mass, found in nucleus
Electron: negative charge, no mass, found in electron cloud around nucleus

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15
Q

Atomic number, atomic weight, atomic mass

A

Atomic number: number of protons (& electrons in neutral atom)
Atomic weight: average mass
Atomic mass: sum of protons & neutrons in the nucleus

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16
Q

Ionic Bonds

A
  • electronegative atoms steal valence electrons
  • creates ions?
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17
Q

Covalent bonds

A
  • forms when pairs of electrons are shared between atoms
  • forms molecules
  • single, double, & triple bonds
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18
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A
  • form between 2 polar compounds with hydrogen
  • partial positive attracts to partial negative
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19
Q

Van Der Waals interactions

A
  • electron hot spots create weak bond
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20
Q

Bond strength hierarchy

A
  1. Covalent bonds
  2. Ionic bonds
  3. Hydrogen bonds
  4. Van der waals interactions
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21
Q

Cohesion vs. Adhesion in water

A

Cohesion: ability to stick to itself because of hydrogen bonds
Adhesion: ability to stick to other molecules

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22
Q

Specific heat

A

Amount of heat needed for 1g to change by 1 degree Celsius

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23
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Energy needed to change 1g of liquid to gas

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24
Q

Surface tension

A

Measure of difficulty to stretch/break the surface of a liquid

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25
Q

Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic: affinity to water
Hydrophobic: aversion to water

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26
Q

Homogenous solution

A

Compounds are chemically bound

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27
Q

Heterogenous solution

A

Compounds are NOT chemically bound

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28
Q

Colloidal suspension

A

Large organic compounds dissolved in solution

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29
Q

Solvent vs. solute

A

Solvent: dissolves other substance
Solute: gets dissolved

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30
Q

Heat vs. temperature

A

Heat: thermal energy transferred from 1 body of matter to another
Temperature: measurement of thermal energy in a body

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31
Q

Thermal energy vs. potential energy

A

Thermal energy: kinetic energy of molecules/atoms
Potential energy: stored energy dependent on location

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32
Q

pH scale

A

Acidic - pH < 7
Neutral - pH = 7
Base - pH > 7

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33
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

Because it’s polar

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34
Q

Organic vs. inorganic compounds

A

Organic: contains carbon & hydrogen
Inorganic: does not have BOTH carbon & hydrogen

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35
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

A

4

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36
Q

Structural isomers

A

Differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds

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37
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

Differ in arrangement about a double bond

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38
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers, non-superimposable mirror image

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39
Q

The 7 functional groups

A

Methyl
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl (aldehyde & ketone)
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate
Sulfhydryl

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40
Q

Methyl

A

Ch3

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41
Q

Hydroxyl

A

OH, alcohols

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42
Q

Carbonyl

A

Double bond oxygen = carbon

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43
Q

Carboxyl

A

COOH/Co2H

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44
Q

Phosphate

A

PO4(2-)

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45
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

SH

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46
Q

Define carbs, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

A

Carbs: simple sugars & polymers of sugars
Lipids: Fatty acids & glycerol, makes steroids & fats
Protein: amino acids & polymers
Nucleic acids: nucleotides & polymers creating DNA & RNA

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47
Q

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, & polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides: simple sugars, building blocks for complex carbs
Disaccharides: 2 sugars held together by glycosidic linkage
Polysaccharides: 3+ sugars used for energy storage & structure

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48
Q

4 major polymers of glucose & their functions

A

Starch: storage for plants
Glycogen: storage for animals
Cellulose: structure for plants
Chitin: structure for anthropoids

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49
Q

3 main types of lipids & their functions

A

Fats: energy storage, insulation, & padding the body
Phospholipids: essential component of cell membrane. Phospholipid bilayer
Steroids: sex hormones & cholesterol

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50
Q

Major components of nucleotides

A

5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

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51
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A

Primary: amino acid sequence
Secondary: alpha helix & beta pleated sheets from the polypeptides, not R groups
Tertiary: interactions of R groups, globular shape
Quaternary: 2+ polypeptide chains bonded together

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52
Q

Which organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

A

Central vacuole
chloroplasts
Cell wall

53
Q

Which organisms are eukaryotic & prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic - eukarya
Prokaryotic - bacteria & archaea

54
Q

What are the functions of organelles in eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus- DNA storage
Ribosomes- Protein synthesis
Rough ER- Attachment site for ribosomes
Smooth ER- Lipid synthesis
Golgi- Package proteins & molecules
Lysosomes- Digestion
Peroxisomes- Break fatty acids chains & create hydrogen peroxide
Vacuoles- Storage
Mitochondria- Cellular respiration
Vesicles- Transport
Flagella & Cilia- Motility

55
Q

Compare/contrast cilia & flagella

A

Flagella: longer, fewer, & whip-like motion
Cilia: shorter, numerous, & back/forth motion

Both used for motility, have basal body, & motor proteins

56
Q

Diffusion vs facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion: movement of particles from high to low concentration
Facilitated diffusion: passive movement through a protein

57
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water from high to low concentration

58
Q

Active transport

A

movement against the natural gradient

59
Q

Functions of cell membrane proteins

A
  • transport
  • enzymatic activity
  • cell-cell recognition
  • intercellular joining
  • attachment to cytoskeleton & matrix
60
Q

Glycolipids vs. glycoproteins

A

glycolipids: sugars & lipids
Glycoproteins: sugars & proteins

61
Q

Functions of the sodium-potassium pump

A
  • Uses ATP
  • 2 K+ in, 2NA+ out
  • Sets resting transmembrane potential
  • Important for muscle & nerve cells
62
Q

Types of endocytosis & exocytosis

A

Phagocytosis: “cell eating”
Pinocytosis: “cell drinking”
Receptor-Mediated endocytosis: legends bind to receptors

63
Q

How would plant vs. animal cells react to isotonic, hypertonic, & hypotonic solutions?

A

Hypertonic: both shrivel & may die
Isotonic: Best for animal, neutral for plant
Hypotonic: animal swells & may burst. Plant experiences turgor pressure, which is preferred.

64
Q

Metabolism

A

Total of all chemical reactions in an organism

65
Q

Catabolic vs. anabolic

A

Catabolic: breaks down reactants, releases energy
Anabolic: builds up reactants, uses energy

66
Q

Exergonic vs. endergonic

A

Exergonic: Outward energy, -Delta G value
Endergonic: Inward energy, +Delta G value

67
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

They lower the activation energy

68
Q

Kinetic vs. potential energy + examples

A

Kinetic: energy of motions i.e. a river
Potential: energy of position i.e. water behind a dam

69
Q

3 laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed
  2. Every transfer of energy causes an increase in entropy in the form of heat energy
  3. As the universe reaches complete zero, entropy becomes more constant
70
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

71
Q

How to inhibit enzymes

A
  1. PH change
  2. Temp change
  3. Ion concentration change
  4. Competitive & non-competitive inhibitors
  5. Cofactors
72
Q

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic: with oxygen, efficient
Anaerobic: without oxygen

73
Q

Lactic acid fermentation vs. alcohol fermentation

A

Alcohol: pyruvate converted to acetaldehyde & ethanol. Irreversible
Lactic acid: pyruvate reduced to NADH, forming lactate then oxidized to reform NAD+. Reversible

74
Q

Oxidation vs. reduction

A

Oxidation: loss of electrons, more positive change
Reduction: gain of electrons, less positive charge

75
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Occurs in cytoplasm outside mitochondria
  • Cell invests 2 ATP, substrate level phosphorylation produces 4 ATP & converts 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH
  • NADH & H+ ions sent to electron transport chain
76
Q

Intermediate Reaction

A
  • In outer membrane of mitochondria
  • Pyruvate turned into acetyl coenzyme A
  • Reaction also produces NADH & CO2
77
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • In matrix of mitochondria
  • Acetyl coenzyme A broken down into CO2
  • Harvests electrons & hydrogen ions from acetyl coA to use in the ETC
  • per pyruvate: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH
78
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A
  • Occurs on crystal of mitochondria
    1st- Electron transport chain, series of proteins harness energy from electrons. Oxygen is the final acceptor
    2nd- Chemiosmosis, uses ETC to make ATP
79
Q

Obligate vs. facultative anaerobes

A

Obligate: cannot survive in oxygen
Facultative: can survive with or without oxygen

80
Q

Heterotroph vs. Autotroph

A

Heterotroph: consumers, unable to create their own energy source
Autotrophs: producers, creates their own energy source

81
Q

Mesophyll

A

Layer of tissue in middle of leaf that contains chloroplasts

82
Q

Stomata

A

Opening on underside of leaf that allows O2 to leave & CO2 to enter

83
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between crests of electromagnetic waves (short= high, long= low)

84
Q

Photon

A

Packet of light energy (matter & energy)

85
Q

Types of photosynthetic pigments

A

Chlorophyll a: primary pigment, absorbs blue & red light, P680 & P700 molecules
Chlorophyll b: Broadens the spectrum used for photosynthesis
Carotones: Absorbs excessive light that would damage chlorophyll (i.e. xanthophylls)

86
Q

Order of events in photosynthesis

A

Photo system 2
Electron Transport Chain
Photo system 1
Calvin Cycle

87
Q

RuBP

A

Initial carbon acceptor molecule that is remade in Calvin cycle

88
Q

G3P

A

Sugar that comes out of the Calvin cycle

89
Q

Rubisco

A

Key enzyme used in Calvin cycle, sometimes binds to oxygen instead of carbon dioxide which is problematic

90
Q

3 main plant metabolisms

A

C3: Normal Calvin cycle
C4: Spatial separation of Calvin cycle & light dependent reactions
CAM: Time separation of Calvin cycle & light dependent reactions

91
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Uses H+ gradient to move ATP synthase, creating ATP

92
Q

What are the purposes of cell division?

A
  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Replacement
  • Reproduction (asexual)
93
Q

Sexual vs. asexual reproduction

A

Sexual: genetic info from 2 parents
Asexual: genetic info from 1 parent

94
Q

Binary Fission

A

1 cell splits to become 2 cells. Occurs in prokaryotes & lower protists

95
Q

Mitosis

A

“Simple” eukaryotic cellular reproduction, makes exact copies. Haploid or diploid cells.

96
Q

Meiosis

A

“Reduction” division for formation of gametes in sexually reproducing multicellular organisms. Results in non-identical cells

97
Q

Phases of mitosis

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase & cytokinesis

98
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell physically divides

99
Q

What are the interphase sub-phases major events?

A

Gap 1: high rates of protein synthesis, production of new organelles, division of mitochondria/chloroplasts, & cell doubles in size

Synthesis: cell replicates its DNA so there are 2 identical copies

Gap 2: Cell undergoes additional growth & makes final preparations for mitosis

100
Q

Cell plate vs. cleavage furrow

A

Cell plate: formed in plant cells for cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow: formed in animal cells for cytokinesis

101
Q

Main types of inhibition for cell division

A

Checkpoints: cell cycle stops until “go ahead” signal is received
Density dependent: crowded cell stops dividing
Anchorage dependent: cell must be attached to substrate to divide
Growth factors: proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

102
Q

Benign vs. malignant/metastasized tumors

A

Benign: does not break apart & invade other tissues
Malignant: breaks apart & invades other tissues

103
Q

Diploid vs. haploid

A

Diploid: 2 copies of each chromosome
Haploid: 1 copy of each chromosome

104
Q

Sister chromatids vs. homologous chromosomes

A

Sister chromatids: identical copies
Homologous chromosomes: have the same gene loci but may have different alleles

105
Q

Mitosis vs. meiosis change in number of chromosomes

A

Mitosis: 2 daughter cells with the same # of chromosomes as parent
Meiosis: 4 daughter cells with 1/2 as many chromosomes as parent

106
Q

Number of chromosomes in human body vs. gamete

A

Human: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Gamete: 23 chromosomes

107
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase 1

108
Q

Define the various errors of meiosis

A

Non-disjunction: failure of chromosomes to separate properly
Deletion: loss of fragment, most detrimental
Duplication: repetition of fragment, may increase cancer risk
Inversion: reattachment of fragment in reverse order

109
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Father of modern genetics
- Austrian scientist
- published in 1867

110
Q

Types of inheritance patterns + examples

A

Complete dominance: dominant allele completely masks (i.e. pea plants

Incomplete dominance: homologous dominant + homologous recessive = blend of phenotypes (snapdragons)

Co-dominance: both dominant alleles expressed (i.e. AB blood type)

Multiple alleles: >1 alleles affect a single characteristic (i.e. alleles for ABO blood)

Polygenic: 1 phenotype from additive of 2+ genes (i.e. skin color)

Epistatis: gene at 1 locus alters phenotype expression of gene at 2nd locus (i.e. mice coat color)

Pleiotropic: 1 gene influences many characteristics (i.e. hereditary diseases)

Sex-linked: Genes located on sex chromosomes

111
Q

Loci

A

Location

112
Q

Allele

A

Alternate form of a gene, located on separate homologous chromosomes

113
Q

Monohybrid vs. dihybrid vs. test cross

A

Mono: 1 trait
Di: 2 traits
Test: Breeding individual of unknown genotype to known homo. Recessive.

114
Q

Phenotype vs. genotype

A

Phenotype: protein, or the physical expression of a trait
Genotype: DNA, or the genetic makeup of the trait

115
Q

Homozygous vs. heterozygous vs. carrier

A

Homo: both homologous chromosomes have the same allele (AA or aa)
Hetero: homologous chromosomes have different alleles (Aa)
Carrier: heterozygous individuals who carry recessive allele but have a normal pheenotype

116
Q

Sex linked traits

A

X-linked traits
- only the X chromosome carries allele

117
Q

Components of nucleic acids

A
  1. Sugar phosphate backbone
    • 5-carbon sugar
    • Phosphate group
  2. Nitrogenous bases
    • Purines (adenine & guanine)
    • Pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine, uracil)
118
Q

Nitrogenous bases in DNA vs RNA

A

DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

119
Q

Complementary base pairing in DNA vs. RNA

A

DNA: Adenine + Thymine, Cytosine + Guanine
RNA: Adenine + Uracil, Cytosine + Guanine

120
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of mRNA under direction of DNA

121
Q

Translation

A

synthesis of proteins under direction of mRNA

122
Q

3 types of RNA

A

Messenger: mRNA, read by ribosome to make amino acid sequence
Transfer: tRNA, transfers amino acids to ribosomes
Ribosomal: rRNA, makes up ribosome that reads mRNA

123
Q

Codons

A
  • triplets of nitrogenous bases

Start codon: segment of mRNA that occurs after promoter
Sense codon: codes for amino acids
Nonsense codon: stops codons

124
Q

DNA polymerase

A
  • Builds off RNA primers to synthesize DNA
  • Adds nucleotides through complementary base pairing
  • Proofreads/corrects improper pairings
125
Q

RNA polymerase

A
  • enzyme that creates the mRNA transcript
  • pries DNA strands apart & connects RNA nucleotides
  • Uracil not thymine
  • transcription only produces single strand of RNA
126
Q

Helicase

A

Untwists & separates DNA strands for replication

127
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Corrects over-winding & relieves tension ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, & rejoining DNA strands

128
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Short sections of DNA formed on the lagging strand

Bio Final (1 decks)

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