Final

Question 1

Word: Foundation
Definition: …..
Synonym: ……
Sentence: “Physics, the foundation of all the sciences”

Answer 1

Definition: The basis on which something is grounded.
Synonym: Base, basis.
Sentence: “Physics, the foundation of all the sciences”

Question 2

Word: Adamant
Definition: ……..
Synonym: ……
Sentence: “They tried to get me to change my mind but I was adamant”

Answer 2

Definition: Stubborn; unyielding; invincible; like a rock.
Synonym: Inflexible.

Question 3

Word: Staunch
Definition: ….
Synonym: ……..
Sentence: “These staunch walls could withstand attack by cannon”

Answer 3

Definition: Firm.
Synonym: Dependable.

Question 4

Word: Problematic
Definition: ……..
Synonym: …….
Sentence: “The situation was problematic for teachers”

Answer 4

Definition: Constituting or presenting a problem.
Synonym: Doubtful, questionable.

Question 5

Word: Tangible
Definition: ……
Synonym: …….
Sentence: “Gifts do not always have to be tangible.”

Answer 5

Definition: Something that can be perceived by the senses, especially by touch.
Synonym: Appreciable, sensible.

Question 6

Word: Alibi
Definition: ……
Synonym: ……..
Sentence: “She has an alibi for the whole of yesterday evening.”

Answer 6

Definition: Evidence that shows an accused person could not have committed a crime.
Synonym: Excuse.

Question 7

Word: Confide
Definition: ………..
Synonym:…………
Sentence: “My friend confided to me a secret she has been hiding for years.”

Answer 7

Definition: To privately reveal to someone.
Synonym: Entrust, commit.

Question 8

Word: Undermine
Definition: ……..
Synonym: ……….
Sentence: “He says I undermine his authority in front of the staff.”

Answer 8

Definition: To sabotage or weaken efforts.
Synonym: Cripple, weaken.

Question 9

Word: Discredit
Definition: ………
Synonym: ……….
Sentence: “His actions were such that they brought discredit on his profession.”

Answer 9

Definition: To reject as false; to ruin the reputation of someone.
Synonym: Degrade, destroy.

Question 10

Word: Heinous
Definition: ………
Synonym: ……….
Sentence: “This is why the death penalty is usually reserved for only the most heinous criminals.”

Answer 10

Definition: Very evil or wicked.
Synonym: Wicked, atrocious.

Question 11

Word: Demeanour
Definition: …….
Synonym: ………
Sentence: “She later admits that her outer demeanour was just a façade.”

Answer 11

Definition: The way one behaves or appears on the surface.
Synonym: Manner, attitude.

Question 12

Word: Elation
Definition: ………
Synonym: ……….
Sentence: “She wondered if she had ever felt a sense of elation after the death of her mother.”

Answer 12

Definition: A feeling of joy and/or pride.
Synonym: Ecstasy, bliss.

Question 13

Word: Manipulate
Definition: ……….
Synonym: ……….
Sentence: “Her husband manipulated her into believing that everything he was saying was the truth.”

Answer 13

Definition: To skillfully control or influence other people or oneself.
Synonym: Maneuver, control.

Question 14

Define Ad hominem and give ex

Answer 14

Definition: A claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author or the person presenting the claim or argument.
Example: “It’s hard to take your claims seriously because you spend your days playing video games.”

Question 15

Define Strawman and give ex

Answer 15

Definition: Misrepresent someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.
Example: claiming that all vegans are opposed to all forms of animal captivity, including pet ownership.

Question 16

Define the Appeal to common practice and give ex

Answer 16

Definition: The Appeal to Common Practice is a fallacy with the following structure: 1. X is a common action. 2. Therefore, X is correct/moral/justified/ reasonable, etc.
Example: “The men who do the same job as I get paid more than I do, so it would be right for me to get paid the same as them.”

Question 17

Define Begging the question and give ex

Answer 17

Definition: Circular reasoning assumes the truth of an argument or proposition to be proved, without arguing it.
Example: “Wool sweaters are superior to nylon jackets as fall attire because wool sweaters have the higher wool content.”

Question 18

Define slippery slope and give ex

Answer 18

Definition: The assumption that one event will lead to another immediately (exaggerated).
Example: Eat 1 slice of pizza and you will gain 500 pounds.

Question 19

Define false dilemma and give ex

Answer 19

Definition: Presented with only two options and must choose (either or).
Example: If you talk to Suzie, you are out of the group. Basically an ultimatum.

Question 20

Define red herring and give ex

Answer 20

Definition: Something intended to distract attention from.
Example: “We can’t raise salaries, but we still provide great benefits for our employees.”

Question 21

Define Hasty generalization and give ex

Answer 21

Definition: A claim made on the basis of insufficient evidence.
Example: Lebron is on drugs, so all basketball players are on drugs. Not a stereotype because stereotypes are based on religious and cultural motivations, unlike generalizations which are just about everything.

Question 22

Define CER

Answer 22

• Definition: A method for explaining a scientific concept or supporting a claim with evidence and reasoning.

Question 23

What does C in CER stands for

Answer 23

• Claims: Statements that answer the original question and are accurate and specific.

Question 24

What does E in CER stands for

Answer 24

• Evidence: Data that supports the claim and can come from various sources like textbooks, videos, or class notes.

Question 25

What does R in CER stands for

Answer 25

• Reasoning: The explanation that connects the claim to the evidence and shows why the data chosen counts as evidence.

Question 26

State some ways to use CER

Answer 26

• Ways to use CER: To explain scientific concepts, discuss claims made in videos or documentaries, or explain why a hypothesis was proven correct or not after an experiment.
• Brainstorming for CER: Think of a possible claim, where to find evidence, sentence starters for presenting evidence, reasons to show why evidence is good, and writing words to use.

Question 27

Define Bias

Answer 27

• Definition: Favouring certain people or ideas, often based on preconceived opinions that are not based on reason or actual experience.
• Prejudice: Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

Question 28

Define obvious/hidden bias and a way to overcome it.

Answer 28

• Obvious or Hidden Bias: Bias can be obvious or hidden and can be influenced by stereotypes.
• Overcoming Bias: Learning about differences and perspectives can help us overcome our biases.

Question 29

Define ETHOS and give a fallacy example/s

Answer 29

Establishing credibility through demonstrating knowledge, establishing common ground, and demonstrating fairness.
- Ethical Fallacy : Ad hominem (attacking the person instead of the argument)

Question 30

Define PATHOS and give a fallacy example/s

Answer 30

PATHOS: Appealing to emotion through using description and concrete language, figurative language, shaping appeals to the audience, and avoiding emotional fallacies.
- Emotional Fallacies: Bandwagon (everyone else is doing it).

Question 31

Define LOGOS and give a fallacy example/s

Answer 31

Appealing to logic through providing examples and precedents, citing authority and testimony, establishing causes and effects, and avoiding logical fallacies.
- Logical Fallacies: Begging the question (assuming something is true without evidence), and hasty generalization (drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence).