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Biological Anthropology Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ploidy of gametes

A

haploid

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2
Q

The benefits of tools and toolmaking

A

The introduction of various tools increases the potential food we can harvest from the environment (protein/plant material) / better nutrition and advanced social behavior –> hunting and gathering

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3
Q

Strepsirrhine and haplorhine (broad categories within these groups)

A

Strepserrhines: Lemurs, Lorisses, Bush Babies
Haplorhines: Humans, Tarsiers, New/Old world monkeys, apes

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4
Q

what is the scientific method

A

Process in the scientific method involves making explanations, deriving predictions from the hypothesis as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on predections

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5
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

the earliest hypothesis claiming the first primates evolved a suite of traits for living in trees (grasping hands and feet and stereoscopic vision)

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6
Q

Bipedalism (characterstics + what it is)

A

walking on two legs, short broad pelvis, curved foot, thigh bone (femur) angling inward towards the knee, magnum at the base of the skull, s-shaped spine

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7
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

The diversification of a single lineage into many species that inhabit a variety of environments or use a variety of resources and differ in traits required to exploit these.

One finch, move forward in time new finches introduced with modifications, chain of islands, one island has tougher food so finch have tougher beaks depending on environment

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8
Q

Advantages of bipedalism

A
  • allowing for tool use and freedom of hands, allowed ancestors to see over tall grasses
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9
Q

Diastema

A
  • gap between your teeth for honing chewing where you need the space for the k9 to drop down onto the opposite jaw
  • in humans there is no diastema because we lost the k9 honing chewing and now are nonhoning chewers
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10
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A
  • The social organization of a group which shows the difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to the difference between sexual organs themselves.
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11
Q

Evolution

A

the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth

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12
Q

Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Meiosis is the sex cell producing process (4 daughter cells)
Mitosis produces all the somatic cells (everything aside from the sex cells)

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13
Q

Patchy Forest Hypothesis

A

This explains why we see bipedalism, the forest became more patchy, less dense, opening up land, less trekking through dense trees and easier to travel on two legs than on tree, helped see over tall grasses

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14
Q

Traits

A

the observable characterstics of an organism

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15
Q

Alleles

A

variations of genes that determine the traits

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16
Q

Genes

A

sections of DNA carrying genetic instructions

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17
Q

Chromosomes

A

structures in the cel nucleus composed of DNA and proteins that house thousands of genes

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18
Q

theory

A

an explanation of some aspect based on evidence gathered through the scientific method that are accepted by the scientific community when they consistently predict and explain phenomena supported by evidence.

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19
Q

Bilophodont Molars

A

Have two transverse ridges, are a distinctive trait found in old world monkeys and some extinct hominins

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20
Q

Butchering (cutmarks)

A

provide evidence of early human hunting and meat eating behavior, the marks indicate use of stone tools.

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21
Q

Shovel-shaped incisors in modern populations

A

morphology of the incisors where tongue side surface of the teeth is scooped or shovel-like.

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22
Q

benefits of fire

A

Move into places that are chillier, can cook food, helped us expand into new geographic locations

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23
Q

H Erectus body and brain size (what allowed this to happen)

A
  • increase in body and brain size compared to its precessors, happened by:

dietary changes (eating meat), bipedalism, social and cognitive development, climate changes

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24
Q

Social Learning

A

Learn from other individuals, humans hang out with parents so they can learn (social learning) how to negotiate and navigate in the world

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25
Q

Thick Enamel

A

thicker enamel > consume diet with hard abrasive foods, can resist heavy wear, found in many hominins as a dietary adaptation

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26
Q

First hominid to leave Africa

A

Homo erectus is believed to be the first hominid species to leave Africa, as indicated by fossil evidence.

27
Q

What are the defining characteristics of hominins

A
  • Defining characteristics of hominins ARE NOT BRAINS SIZE, it is the loss of the K9 honing chewing, and bipedalism
28
Q

Robust Australopithecine characteristics (how do they differ from Grassile ones)

A

Robust Australopithecines have larger teeth in the jaws, flaring out cheekbones, large muscles running behind cheekbones

29
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

In a given population, genetic variation will remain constant in the absence of disturbing factors
p2+2pq+q2=1

30
Q

ABO Blood System

A

A > AO or AA
B > BO or BB
AB > AB
O > OO

The only way to get type O blood is O from each parent AB is A and B from one parent.

31
Q

Characteristics of Modern Humans

A

Faces are the relatively small (flattened out), tall rounded skull, forehead taller, we have a chin that comes out at the bottom.

32
Q

Allens Rule vs Bergmans Rule

A

Allens rule focuses on limb length, Bergmans rule focuses on body configuration, Allens rule says shorter limbs in the cold and longer limbs in the heat and Bergmanns rule focuses on body configuration so, larger size = colder environment vs species of smaller size in warmer regions.

33
Q

Wolfs Law

A

Stress bone response to working out, muscle gets bigger when muscle is stressed
> the stress an animals bones are placed under is what it will adapt too, the bone remodels to become stronger to loading

34
Q

4 Branches of Anthropology

A

Archaeology, Linguistic Anthropology, Behavioral/Cultural Anthropology, Biological Anthropology

35
Q

DNA

A

A complex molecule that contains genetic code for all living organisms structured as a double helix, made up of sugar phosphate groups, 4 bases (adenine thymine cytosine guanine) DNA is in the nucleus of our cells responsible for heredity passing on traits

36
Q

Human height over the last two centuries

A

Humans are growing taller when you look at 500 yrs ago compared to now

37
Q

Index Fossil

A

A distinctive fossil, from an extinct species, used to define and identify geological periods, they help correlate age of different rock strata across various geographic locations

38
Q

Domestication and food production

A

breeding of plants and animals over generations to exhibit desirable traits, food production represents shift from hunter gatherer, to agriculture based societies

39
Q

Oldowan, Acheulean, and Mousterian

A

Stone tool technologies associated w/ diff periods of evolution

Oldowan: Earliest known tool, relatively simple and include choppers, scrapers, and flakes

Acheulean: Represent significant advancement include hand axes, cleavers

Mousterian: Specialized stone tools, scrapers, and points

40
Q

Neandertal

A

Closest extinct relatives of modern humans, interbred with our ancestors, had prominent brow ridge wide nose long low skull were took makers and used fire, hunted animals, had social structure and cultural practices.

41
Q

Genetic drift

A

The process of alleles randomly being more apparent in a population by chance, Can lead to significant changes where chance events can have significant impact in smaller populations where alleles can disappear or become less common (or fixed)

42
Q

Gene flow

A

The introduction of new alleles into a population through migration, where there is a transfer in genetic variation increasing genetic similarity and introducing new variation into a population

43
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the DNA sequence, can be silent or cause significant changes in phenotype/genetic disorder, can be beneficial or detrimental or neutral in their effects.

44
Q

The founder effect

A

A small group of individuals from large population establish a new population in different geographic area isolated from the original population. The new population will exhibit reduced genetic variation and lead to genetic drift (loss of diversity and increased prevalance of certain traits in the isolated population)

45
Q

Natural selection

A

The process through which organisms adapt to be better suited to their environment for better reproduction and survivability Certain heritable traits become more or less common in the population based on fitness in an environment.

46
Q

Multiregional and out of Africa (replacement model)

A

How we moved from homo erectus to homosapiens, they evolved in Africa and expanded out and colonized Europe and Asia which is why we see homosapiens everywhere

47
Q

The earliest member of Genus Homo

A

Homo Habillis

48
Q

Mendel and traits

A

Two possibilities (pea plants) either had yellow or green peas, the peas are either short or tall, leaves at the tip of the stem or along the side. Looked at things that had two possibilities that did not overlap

49
Q

H erectus traits

A

smaller, more primitive teeth, a smaller overall size and thinner, less robust skulls compared to later specimens. The species also had a large face compared to modern humans. Like Neanderthals, their skull was long and low, rather than rounded like our own, and their lower jaw lacked a chin.

50
Q

Darwin

A

Most populations are stable over time, offspring do not survive, so they produce more offspring but many will not survive childhood or will not reproduce at adulthood (stable population size over time) (some variations are advantageous some are disadvantageous so those organisms may not survive) natural selection is taking place where some organisms better survive than others

51
Q

Australopithicine Homo Hablos, robus

A

Homo habilis had shorter haws teeth and face but both were short and bipedal

52
Q

Relative Dating

A

A range of time in which you know how old something is, not an exact date (the strata on earth)

53
Q

Absolute Dating

A

A numerical value, a specific date and age (tree rings)

54
Q

What are some primate features?

A

Opposable thumbs, eyes on the front of the face, reduced snout, long digits, nails rather than claws

55
Q

Hypothesis

A

something that can be tested by collecting data and figuring out what will happen

56
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Uniform processes that have been going on throughout history, happened in the past, continue going on, and will likely continue to happen

57
Q

Hominins characteristics

A

Early on we have a small brain (australopithocines) but over time it got bigger, have a reduced k9 and bipedalism AT FIRST, Femur angles in towads the knees, s-shaped spine, magnum at bottom of skull if bipedal, quadrupedals will have it at the back of the skull

58
Q

Lamarck

A

argued that different things you acquired during your lifetime caused your offspring to acquire those traits to the next generation [false]

59
Q

Genes

A

will tell you to grow tall or grow short, will dictate your height, heritability gives you proportion which governs genes themselves, and then some proportions that are influenced by environment

60
Q

Cell Division

A

DNA replication is important, makes copies of itself

61
Q

Teeth Formation for humans

A

2123 -

62
Q

Can environmental factors change your bloodtype

A

NO THEY CANNOT, strictly genetic

63
Q

skin color can be changed by environment

A

TRUE, polygenic (will adjust according to environment)

64
Q

polygenic

A

height or skin color which is influenced by two or more genes

Biological Anthropology Final (1 decks)

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