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Forensics S2 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

1) Define the following:
a. Melanin
b. Keratin
c. Pheomelanin

A

melanin: pigment
keratin: a protein that makes up most of the hair shaft
pheomelanin: redheads only pigment

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2
Q

List and describe the three (3) main distinguishing characteristics between human and animal hairs.

A

pigments, medulla, scale structures

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3
Q

What are the three (3) stages and characteristics of hair growth? Which stage has the most pigment?

A

anagen (most pigment), catagen, telogen (most cortical fusi)

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4
Q

What is birefringence?

A

difference between two refractive indices

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5
Q

Polarized light microscopy

A

determines birefringence using polarized light

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6
Q

FTIR

A

analysis of chemical composition based on their ability to absorb light at different wavelengths

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7
Q

UV-Visible Microspectrophotometry

A

distinguishes slight/subtle color differences based on absorption of light at different wavelengths in the ultraviolet and visible range

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8
Q

List and describe the common synthetic fibers

A

man made
- acrylics, rayon, acetetes, nylon

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9
Q

List and describe the common natural fibers.

A

wool, cotton, derived from plants or animals, linen

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10
Q

13) What are the different end uses of Kevlar and Nomex?

A

kevlar: heat resistant
typically used for bullet-proof vests, military applications, racing tires, etc.
Nomex: fire resistant
used by firemen and disaster response teams

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11
Q

a. Patent fingerprints
b. Plastic fingerprints
c. Latent fingerprints

A

a. Patent fingerprints-visible
2 dimensional
b. Plastic fingerprints: 3 dimensional
c. Latent fingerprints: hidden

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12
Q

What is the minimum number of minutiae required for positive identification by the International Association for Identification (IAI)?

A

NO bases exist for requiring a predetermined minimum number of friction ridge characteristics which must be present in two impressions in order to establish positive identification

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13
Q

AFIS characteristics examined

A

general core axis, pattern type, bifurcations, ending ridges

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14
Q

3 general patterns

A

arch: 5%- does not have a core nor deltas
loop: 65%- one or more ridges enter from one side, recurve, and exit from the same side
- radial: loop opens toward the thumb
- ulnar: loop opens toward the little finger
whorl: 30%- must have at least 2 deltas

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15
Q

a. Phenolphthalein
g. Luminol

A

a. Phenolphthalein: is used to determine the presence of blood by its reaction with hemoglobin.
g. Luminol: Detect blood by chemiluminescence

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16
Q

Blood type Antigens present Antibodies present
A
B
AB
O

A

blood type A: A: anti-B
blood type: B: B: anti A
blood type: AB: AB: none
blood type: O: none: anti A or anti B

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17
Q

CODIS

A

combined DNA index system

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18
Q

What are the problems with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis in identifying a specific individual?

A
  • Not as specific as nuclear DNA (is identical to all family members of a maternal line)
  • They are indistinguishable
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19
Q

What are the possible concerns with DNA evidence collection?

A

Mixture: If sample has more than one individual contributing to create a mixture , can be hard to separate the specific alleles
Degradation: DNA can degrade due to environmental factors (heat and humidity)

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20
Q

what does the area of convergence determine?

A

the most probable origin point of the spatter

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21
Q

a. IBIS
b. NIBIN
c. Greiss Test

A

a. IBIS: Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS): The IBIS is a database created by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) that contains digital images of fired cartridge cases and bullets.
b. NIBIN: produces database files from bullets and cartridge casings
c. Greiss Test: detect gunpowder residues that are not visible

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22
Q

rifle vs shotgun

A

A rifle is a firearm that has a long barrel; a long gun
A shotgun uses shell ammunition that contains numerous ball-shaped projectiles, called shot

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23
Q

revolvers vs semi-automatic pistols.

A

Revolver – a pistol with a revolving cylinder (features several firing chambers within a revolving cylinder
Semiautomatic – a pistol with a clip-fed mechanism that fires one shot per pull of the trigger; the empty cartridge ejects, and the next cartridge advances automatically (features a removable magazine

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24
Q

What are some factors affecting the alcohol absorption rate?

A

total time taken for consumption
> longer the time, lower the peak
alcohol content of the beverage
> more carbohydrates, slower
amount of consumption
stomach contents
weight

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25
Q

b. Gas chromatography
d. Reinsch Test

A

Gas Chromatograph
> specific compounds will come out at specific time frame
> peak heights relative to concentration
Reinsch Test: To screen for the presence of heavy metals

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26
Q

What are the two mechanisms of elimination of alcohol in human body? Where does each take place in?

A

> oxidation
– takes place almost entirely in the liver
– 95‑98% of the alcohol consumed gets oxidized into CO2 and HO excretion
– elimination in an unchanged state
– breath, urine and perspiration
-kidneys

27
Q

commercial vs non-commercial drivers

A

commercial: 0.04
non-commercial: 0.08

28
Q

what are the three steps of toxicological analysis?

A

detection, isolation, identification

29
Q

top 3 most abused drugs in the US?

A

marijuana, alcohol, opioids

30
Q

what specific drug was restricted under its precursor control act?

A

methamphetamines

31
Q

which two are inheritance powders?

A

arsenic and cyanide

32
Q

what facility is methamphetamine manufactored?

A

clandestine labs

33
Q

List the factors affecting the Drug Schedule.

A

– potential for abuse
– potential for physical & psychological dependence
– medical value

34
Q

What are the three (3) screening tests that can be performed for the presence of crack cocaine vs marijuana?

A

cocaine: Cobalt thiocyanate test
Microcrystalline
UV spectroscopy
Gas chromatography
marijuana:
Weight test
Dugenois levine test
Microscopic analysis
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)
Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry

35
Q

schedule 1 drugs

A

heroin, marijuana, LSD, PCP, and crack cocaine.

36
Q

there are ____ of substance possibilities while searching for bodies that are in ____ amounts. ___ of the substances enter and exit the body in the same chemical state

A

thousand
minute amounts
Very few

37
Q

acute vs chronic

A

acute: caused by a higher dose over a short period of time
chronic: caused by a lower dose over a long period of time

38
Q

RAM is

A

a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order , typically used to store working data and machine code

39
Q

data is obtained by removing

A

HDD

40
Q

printer spooling ____ the sending of the data so the application can continue to work while the printing takes place in the background. When the print job occurs, a ______ print spool file is created.

A

delays
temporary

41
Q

latent data is

A

the areas of files and disks that are typically not apparent to the computer user, but contains the data which the operating system has hidden

42
Q

defragmenting a hard disk drive

A

involves reconnecting noncontiguous data

43
Q

search engines are

A

several directories and indexes on the internet that are available to assist the user in locating a particular topic from the hundreds of thousands of web sites located on the internet

44
Q

most arson fires start with

A

petroleum based accelerants

45
Q

a search of the fire scene must focus on

A

finding the fire’s origin

46
Q

______ is a chemical breakdown of solid organic matter by heat with the gaseous products combining with oxygen to produce a fire

A

pyrolysis

47
Q

what are common signs of arson?

A
  • presence of accelerants
  • ignition device
  • irregularly shaped burn patterns on the floor or ground
48
Q

what produces the violent physical disruption associated with an explosion?

A

caused by the sudden buildup of expanding gas pressure at the origin of the explosion

49
Q

ingredients for low explosive

A

source of fuel and oxidizing agent

50
Q

what part of the body does the alcohol oxidation take place

A

liver

51
Q

what are the three aspects of ballistics

A

internal, external, terminal

52
Q

what is true about the appearance of blood spatter?

A

the smaller the angle of impact, the longer the blood stain

53
Q

how many points of identification are needed for individuality

A

8-16

54
Q

what are some individual characteristics

A

cuts, scratches, debris, and wear patterns

55
Q

which markings are observed on bullets

A

lands and grooves

56
Q

___ causes the spiral patterns of ridges and depressions inside the barrel

A

rifling

57
Q

what factors are used as a basis for the assesment of evidence for a blood spatter crime scene

A

location, distribution, direction, angle of impact

58
Q

firearm

A

weapons capable of firing a projectile using a confined explosive as a propellant

59
Q

correct sequence onced the bullet is fired

A

1.trigger is pulled
2. firing pin strikes
3. initial spark
4. pressure from the ignition
5. cartridge case is extracted

60
Q

two factors for the devolpment of latent prints

A

sweat and contaminants

61
Q

identify and name the 3 mechanisms of heat transfer

A

Conduction is the movement of heat through a solid object
Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the molecules within a liquid or gas
Radiation is the transfer of heat energy from a heated
surface to a cooler surface by electromagnetic radiation

62
Q

low explosives rate

A

1,000m/sec

63
Q

dynamite has been replaced commercially by

A

ammonium nitrate-based explosives

64
Q

Factors that influence the speed of the reaction include

A

the physical state of the fuel and the temperature.

Forensics S2 (8 decks)

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