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eu hist > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Cold War

A

rivalry between SU and USA that divided much of Eu into a Soviet-aligned Communist bloc and a US-aligned capitalist bloc between 1945-1989

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2
Q

displaced persons

A

postwar refugees, including 13 million Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced labourers, and orphaned children

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3
Q

the big 3

A

in 1945 Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Stalin. met at Yalta, Russia to plan for peace. cooperation soon gave way to bitter hostility, and the decision made by these leaders transformed the map of eu

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4
Q

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

A

An economic organisation of communist states meant to help rebuild East Bloc countries under Soviet auspices

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5
Q

NATO

A

the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments

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6
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

soviet-backed military alliance of East Bloc Communist countries in Eu

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7
Q

economic miracle

A

Term to describe rapid economic growth, often based on the consumer sector, in post– World War II western Europe.

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8
Q

Christian democrats

A

Center-right political parties that rose to power in western Europe after the Second World War.

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9
Q

common market

A

The European Economic Community, created by six western and central European countries in the West Bloc in 1957 as part of a larger search for European unity.

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10
Q

Neocolonialism

A

A post colonial system that perpetuates western economic exploitation in former colonial territories

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11
Q

Guest worker programs

A

Government-run programs in western eu designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar Econ

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12
Q

Post colonial migration

A

Postwar movement of people from former colonies and the developing world into Eu

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13
Q

Ostpolitik

A

German for “eastern policy”: west Germany’s attempt in the 70s to ease diplomatic tensions with East Ger, exemplifying the policies of détente

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14
Q

Détente

A

The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions that emerged in the early 1970s

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15
Q

Second Vatican Council

A

A meeting of Catholic leaders convened from 1962-65 that initiated a number of reforms, including the replacement of Latin with local languages in church services, designed to democratize the church and renew its appeal

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16
Q

New left

A

1960s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge both Western capitalism and Soviet-style comm

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17
Q

Brezhnev doctrine

A

Doctrine created by Brezhnev that held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country when necessary to preserve Communism

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18
Q

Decolonization

A

The postwar reversal of eu’s overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the decking pier of Eu nations, and the freedoms promised by US and Sov ideals

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19
Q

Nonalignment

A

Policy of post colonial govs to remain neutral in the CW and play both the USA and the SU for what they could get

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20
Q

Socialist realism

A

Artistic movement that follows the dictates of comm ideals, enforced by state control in the SU and east bloc countries in 50s60s

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21
Q

De-stalinization

A

The liberation of the post-Stalin SU led by reformed Nikita Khrushchev

22
Q

Developed socialism

A

A term used by Comm leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, and extensive social welfare programs

23
Q

Solidarity

A

Independent Polish trade union that worked for worker’s rights and political reform throughout the 80s

24
Q

Perestroika

A

Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Gorbachev in the SU 85

25
Q

Glasnost

A

Soviet premier Gorbachev’s popular campaign for openness in gov and the media

26
Q

OPEC

A

The Arab-led organization of petroleum. Exporting countries

27
Q

Stagnation

A

Term coined in early 80s to describe combination of low growth and high inflation that led to a worldwide recession

28
Q

Postindustrial society

A

A sorority that relies on high tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than heavy insurer and manufacturing jobs

29
Q

Neoliberalism

A

Philosophy of 80s conservatives who argued for privatization of state-run industries and decreased gov spending on social services

30
Q

Privatization

A

The sale of state-managed industries such as transportation and communication networks to private owners, a key policy of neoliberalism meant to control gov spending, increase private profits, which was implemented in western eu in response to the economic crisis of the 70s

31
Q

Nuremberg Trials

A

International military tribunal organized by the 4 allied powers tried the Nazi and civilian leaders chanting them with war crimes and crimes against humanity

32
Q

Teheran conference 1943

A

Who: involved the Big 3 (Stalin, Church, Roosevelt)

Why: negotiation of peace settlements

Discussed:
- reaffirmed the determination to crush Ger
- discussion of Poland’s postwar borders
- strategies to gin the war

War strategies: Stalin’s propositions
- Stalin asked to relieve his armies by opening a second front in Germany-occupied France
- church disagreed, Roosevelt agrees

Consequences:
- American-British invasion of France ensured Ger defeat
- implications for CW
(The delay of opening a second front fanned S distrust of the Allie’s

33
Q

Yalta conference 1945

A

Agreements:
- unconditional surrender
- occupation zones: each of the 4 would occupy zone of Ger
- Ger would pay heavy reparations to SU
- Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan
- new govs in Soviet-occupied Eu would be freely elected and friendly to the USSR

34
Q

Potsdam conference 1945

A

Rising tensions:
Roosevelt —> Truman
- Truman demanded immediate free elections through central/eastern eu
- S refused

35
Q

Peace settlements: origins CW?

A

Teheran conference 43

Yalta conference 45

Potsdam conference 45

= motivated by different goals
- fighting Ger Allies could maintain an alliance of necessity
- antagonistic desired for Econ and political control began to destroy former partnership

= S’s distrust:
- determined to establish buffer zone of sympathetic states around USSR (comm only dependable Allie’s)

= Spreading sphere of influence:
- USSR expand reach of comm
- maintain predominance of their sphere of influence

36
Q

Iron curtain 1946

A

After Japans surrender, Truman cut off air to the USSR — declared USA would never recognized governments established against will of people

37
Q

Truman’s policy of containment

A

Through diplomatic, Econ and military means

Diplomatic:
Truman Doctrine 46
Policy aiming to contain comm to areas already under Soviet control

Military:
50s US gov restructured military to meet Soviet threat
NATO 49: Military alliance of western governments

Econ:
Marshal plan: American plan for providing economics aid to western eu and help rebuilt it
- Econ stable eu —> comm looses appeal

38
Q

USSR spreading comm

A

COMECON
economic org of Comm states intended to rebuild the East Blic independently of the West

WARSAW PACT
Military alliance among USSR and comm satellites

39
Q

New economics

A

Economic miracle: causes:
- Marshall plan
To receive marshal aid eu states required to cooperate

Eco growth becomes objective
- embraced free market but Keynesian policy to stimulate Econ

40
Q

New politics

A

Central role of Christian and Social Democrats:
- provided effective leadership as they drew inspiration from a common Christian and eu heritage
- placed faith on democracy and free-market Econ

41
Q

5 giant evils

A

Disease
Want
Ignorance
Squalor
Idleness

42
Q

Rebuilding eu

A

European unity
- Christian democrats: commuted to cultural and econ cooperation
- marshal aid: to receive it eu states had to cooperate
- this lead to the creation of the OEEC 48
- moment and Schumann: created the common market. Encouraged trade among eu states

43
Q

The consumer revolution

A

Result from: rising standard of living and remarkable growth in availability of consumer goods

Visions of consumer abundance because powerful weapon in CW

Kitchen debate: K and Nixon claim their respective systems could provide more consumer goods

= the race to provide higher standard living would be central aspect of CW
comm East bloc struggled to catch up with W

44
Q

Changing class structures WEST EAST

A

WEST
- “white collar workers” replaced property owners as the leaders of the middle class
- middle class grew, harder to define
Reasons:
- tech expansion need for more managers
- during war lost control of family owned businesses

EAST
Class leveling:
- goal of the socialist authoritarian regime
- aggressive attempts to: open employment + equalize wage = reduced class diff

BOTH
- farming declined: movement of farmers
- welfare benefits by govs: helped promote social equality

45
Q

Changing class structure EAST

A

Class leveling:
- goal of the socialist authoritarian regime
- aggressive attempts to: open employment + equalize wage = reduced class diff

46
Q

Patterns of postwar migration

A

50s60s new wave of migration:

Rural —-> urban due to declining job prospects in rural areas
East bloc: collectivization + state subsidies for heavy ind opened opport in urban areas

GUEST WORKERS PROGRAM:
Gov-run programs in west eu to recruit labor for the blooming postwar Econ
Guest workers supposed to return, many chose to live permanently in their adoptive countries

POSTCOLONIAL MIGRATION
Movement of people from former colonies into prosperous eu

= Results
- about helped boots Econ
- ethnic diversity
- discrimination

47
Q

New roles for women

A
  • changing gender roles: women looked for new roles outside family

WEST
1. Economic boom created demand for labor
2. Econ gradual shift away from male-oriented heavy ind —> white collar service ind
3. Shared on postwar education revolution

EAST BLOC
- comm leaders opened up jobs to women

48
Q

CW Thaw 60s

A

60s eu general lifwatd shift encouraged gradual relaxation of CW tensions

DETENTE
general relaxation of CW

Willy Brandt: 70: Poland for signing treaty of reconciliation + Warsaw ghetto memorial
—> part of policy OSTPOLITIK: west ger attenot 70s to ease diplomatic tensions with east, exemplifying policies if detente

Helsinki accords:
Nations agreed eus existing political frontiers could not be changed by force

49
Q

The counter culture movement 60s

A

Youthful society challenged status quo

NEW LEFT
60s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge western capitalism and soviet style comm
- more openness free love, rock

USA AND VIETNAM
Anti war movements USA spread to west eu

STUDENT REVOLTS 68
Students organized massive anti war demonstrations then extended protest to support:
- colonial independence movements
- demand end nuclear arms race

50
Q

EAST bloc 60s

A

PRAGUE SRING 68
Dubcek “socialism with a human face” reforms
Soviet troops occupied Cze
Brezhnev announced BREZHNEV DOCTRINE
SU has right to intervene in any East bloc country when necessary to preserve comm rule

51
Q

postwar life in EAST BLOC

A
  • black to authoritarian, purges, show trials
  • 5 year plans, heavy ind priority. Collectivization
  • consumer goods seen as creating inequality and waste
    Exception: Yugoslavia declares independence TiTo

REFORM DESTALIN
53 Stalin dies
K: secret speech 56
Opened way for destalin period
Maintained monopoly on political power but brought in new members
Resource shift heavy ind —> consumer goods + agriculture

LIMITS ON REFORM
destalin seen as threat to authority of the party
Brezhnev restalin

FOREIGN POLICY
BERLIN
- K attempts to halt migration of East—> west
- tightened borders + demanded western Allie’s evacuate West Berlin
- western Allie’s refuse to abandon
- 61 wall built

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
- K secretly ordered installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba
- USA reacts: naval blockade
- K removes missiles
- USA promises not disturb Castro’s regime + remove nuclear middles from turkey

52
Q

DEcline of “developed socialism” 70s

A

70s leaders adopted term DEVELOPED SOCIALISM: to describe the accomplishments of their society:
- nationalized ind
- collective agriculture
- extensive social welfare programs

eu hist (1 decks)

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