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PSY 15 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Social Contagion

A

Process by which information, such as attitudes, emotions, or behaviors, rapidly spreads throughout a group from one member to another without rational thought and reason

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2
Q

Give examples of Social Contagion through History

A

Dancing Plague of 1518, Increase in Tics because of COVID, Superbowl (Riots in Boston after victory)

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3
Q

What is Wisdom of Crowds

A

Taking the average of many people’s judgments would get you closer to the truth than any individual was

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4
Q

When is Wisdom of Crowds smart?

A

Diverse Information, Independent Opinions, No Systematic Bias, Many People

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5
Q

When is Wisdom of Crowds harmful/bad?

A

Bias is amplified in crowd, Following crowd behavior (local rule: do what you see others doing), Conformity, Crystallization Phenomenon (When crowds of people look in a certain direction, causing everyone else to look the same way too)

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6
Q

Describe Werther Effect

A

A phenomenon that people copy suicidal behavior after a celebrity dies, using the same method. Copycats tend to be similar in age, and gender to models

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7
Q

Describe Information Conformity

A

When you believe you don’t have the complete information, and other people might know better

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8
Q

Describe Normative Conformity

A

Conformity to get along with others

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9
Q

Describe Stress’ relation to conformity

A

Stress increases conformity - it draws people together

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10
Q

List the Principles of Compliance

A

Social Validation, Authority, Consistency, Reciprocity, Friendship, and Scarcity

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11
Q

Describe “Click-Where” (fixed action patterns)

A

“Click-Where” (fixed action patterns): There’s a certain way, biologically and culturally, that humans get designed to respond to social situations

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12
Q

Describe “Foot in the door” effect

A

If you have a big ask, it can be useful to start with a relatively small ask - you exploit desire for consistency

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13
Q

Describe Exploiting Reciprocity

A

People like to return favors and make up for things that they do that feel awkward or wrong

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14
Q

Describe Exploiting Reciprocity

A

People like to return favors and make up for things that they do that feel awkward or wrong

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15
Q

Describe Cognitive Niche

A

Giraffe’s niche are the Savanna. Our niche isn’t a physical environment, but the stuff we can do because of our brains

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16
Q

Describe Cultural Niche

A

Humans have not evolved to be smarter than other animals, we’ve evolved to copy each other better than other animals

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17
Q

Describe Cultural Evolution

A

What we teach and learn, and culturally inherent

18
Q

If culture makes us smart, but mere imitation isn’t enough, what’s the key?

A
  • Biased Transmission: This occurs when one trait is more likely to be copied than another trait because of prestige and similarity (age, gender, etc.)
    ~ Useful filter on copying
  • Guided Variation
19
Q

Describe Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

A situation where individual decision-makers always have an incentive to choose in a way that creates a less than optimal outcome for the individuals as a group

20
Q

Why does Group Selection help cooperation

A

Group selection works because it motivates people to work together as there is a shared fate. You need low migration rates and strong selection pressure

21
Q

How does Punishment help cooperation

A

If you are in a cooperative group, if a defector joins, the rational may be to set up punishments to deter negative behavior

Punishment does not always work as their is personal cost and risk. If you punish other people, you are susceptible to getting harmed, while everyone else free rides

22
Q

How does Reciprocity help cooperation

A

Because we engage with one another repeatedly, we are motivated to cooperate with one another

23
Q

How does Kin and “Cultural Kin” help cooperation

A

People want groups with shared values that are identifiable. We cooperate with ourselves

24
Q

Describe Extended Phenotype

A

Kind of regular consequences of your behavior that natural selection intends. Natural selection might intend for us to change the behavior of people around us

Using punishment and reward as a way to change the behavior of somebody else

25
Q

Describe Reasoned Response/Deterrence versus Adaptive Heuristic/Retribution

A

Reasoned Response/Deterrence: “If I punish, you will behave”

Adaptive Heuristic/Retribution: “Because you harmed you must suffer”
- Adaptive reason to have this retributive instinct would be because it changes people’s behavior in the future

26
Q

Describe how moral luck relates to Adaptive Heuristic/Retribution

A

People are retributive based more on outcome then intentions - the example of crashing into a tree versus a girl while drunk (both are examples of drunk driving, and neither had the intention of doing either, but the outcome is what determines punishment)

27
Q

Describe Deterrence and Retribution with the Levels of Analysis

A

Ultimate = Deterrence: At the ultimate level, we think punishment is designed to deter people from future wronging behavior or to teach them how to behave

Proximate = Retribution: At the proximate level, we think punishment is used to see people suffer for the wrongdoings that they did

28
Q

What were the findings on killing (moral universals)

A

PTSD: Military personnel suffer from “moral injury” - the feeling of knowing that you harmed other people in a situation in which that’s what your country was asking you to do, and that’s how you are saving yourself and the people around you

People don’t want to kill people that is personal (right in front of them, the damage being visibly seen)

29
Q

Describe personal moral dilemma (Dual Process Morality)

A

Personal moral dilemma: The harm that you are doing to somebody is very up close and personal

Automatic response: When we are aware we are harming or killing someone, we have an automatic emotional response that tells us not to do it (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)

30
Q

What is moral reasoning for according to Piaget and Fetlock?

A

Discovering truth (Piaget)

Manipulating People (Tetlock)

31
Q

What did Haidt find about moral attitudes

A

Found insignificant differences between geography, culture, countries, etc. the biggest difference came from socioeconomic status. Low SES participants were more likely to agree the statements were morally wrong than High SES participants. High SES admit it’s weird, but so long as it doesn’t harm them or anyone else, they are okay with it

32
Q

What do Liberal US respondents care more about (morality)

A

Liberal US respondents care more about harm and fairness, and less about being loyal to in-group, respecting authority, and protecting the sacred from degrading influences

33
Q

What do Conservative US respondents care more about

A

Conservative US respondents showed a small and significant decrease in the importance of harm and fairness, a large and very significant increase in the importance of the remaining moral foundations

34
Q

What explains why people punish people who cooperate in experiment games (prisoner’s dilemma)

A

Revenge, maximizing personal advantage, and punish non-conformists/conspicuous generosity

35
Q

What are the features of a society that predict antisocial punishment?

A

Weak social norms of cooperation, rule of law, and democracy

36
Q

How do we explain moral diversity?

A

Cultural Evolution: Different cultures have different norms and collective knowledge

37
Q

How do cultures ensure that people get along and cooperate?

A

Solution 1: Bands
Emphasizes Reciprocity, Reputation, Shared Moral Identity
Basically… Long-term relationships + Small groups + Shared values

Solution 2: States
Outsource punishment to the state, outsource cooperation to the state, solving public good problems (national infrastructure), a connection to Liberalism

38
Q

What is Imitation

A

Behavior where you can copy exactly or as exactly as you can even if you can’t make sense of why it was done that way

39
Q

What is “Overimitation”

A

Toddlers imitate what an adult shows them. The theory is that the best way to learn culture is to copy others, even if it’s not obvious why it’s necessary

40
Q

Describe how Toddler’s react to adults performing strange actions in experiments

A

Copies action precisely (imitates) if strangeness has no obvious explanation

Modifies action (emulates) if strangeness has an obvious, irrelevant explanation
Example: Experiment where experimenter turns on light with forehead and is not using their hands

41
Q

What is Emulation and its problem

A

Copying the broad goal that a person has but coming up with your own way of solving the problem

Problem: If you only copy things insofar as you can understand why they work, then culture can’t help you improve beyond the things that you could already understand

PSY 15 (3 decks)

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