Final

Question 1

Define hemianopia and give a clinical example

Answer 1

A condition resulting from destruction of the primary visual cortex in one hemisphere. The patient is unaware of any visual stimulation presented in the side of space contralateral to the lesion.

Question 2

Visual agnosia?

Answer 2

A failure of perception that is limited to the visual modality . In visual agnosia, the patient is relatively good at perceiving properties such as color, shape, or motion yet cannot recognize objects or identify their uses.

Question 3

Prosopagnosia?

Answer 3

A neurological syndrome characterized by a deficit in the ability to recognize faces. Some patients will show a selective deficit in face perception, a type of category-specific deficit. In others, the prosopagnosia is one part of a more general agnosia. Prosopagnosia is frequently associated with bilateral lesions in the ventral pathway, although it can also occur with unilateral lesions of the right hemisphere.

Question 4

Integrative Agnosia?

Answer 4

A form of agnosia associated with deficits in the recognition of objects due to the failure to group and integrate the component parts into a coherent whole. Patients with this deficit can faithfully reproduce drawings of objects; however, their percept is of isolated, unconnected parts or contours.

Question 5

Associative agnosia?

Answer 5

A form of agnosia in which the patient has difficulty linking perceptual representations with longterm knowledge of the percepts. For example, the patient may be able to identify that two pictures are of the same object, yet fail to demonstrate an understanding of what the object is used for or where it is likely to be found.

Question 6

Apperceptive agnosia?

Answer 6

A form of agnosia associated with deficits in the operation of higher-level perceptual analyses. A patient with apperceptive agnosia may recognize an object when seen from a typical viewpoint. However, if the orientation is unusual, or the object is occluded by shadows, recognition deteriorates.

Question 7

Define agnosia and give a clinical example

Answer 7

A neurological syndrome in which disturbances of perceptual recognition cannot be attributed to impairments in basic sensory processes. Agnosia can be restricted to a single modality, such as vision or audition.

Question 8

Define aphasia and give a clinical example

Answer 8

Aphasia is a broad term referring to the collective deficits in language comprehension and production that accompany neurological damage, even though the articulatory mechanisms are intact.

Question 9

Define dysarthria and give a clinical example

Answer 9

Aphasia caused by the loss of control over articulatory muscles.

Question 10

Define dyslexia and give a clinical example

Answer 10

Difficulty reading due to damage to the angular gyrus.

Question 11

Define acalculia and give a clinical example

Answer 11

Difficulty performing simple mathematical operations due to damage to the left angular gyrus.

Question 12

Transcortical Motor Aphasia?

Answer 12

1. Difficulty in speaking fluently (primarily word retrieval)
2. Language comprehension may be intact (more than Broca’s)
3. May have difficulty with writing
4. May have difficulty initiating sentences
5. Results from damage in the frontal lobe anterior to Broca’s area.

Question 13

Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 13

1. Primary difficulty is speaking fluently
2. Language comprehension may be intact or mildly impaired
3. May be able to read but not write
4. Often labeled “expressive aphasia”

Question 14

Mixed Transcortical aphasia

Answer 14

1. Primary difficulty is speaking fluently
2. May have difficulties with understanding spoken language
3. Reading and writing often impaired
4. Strength with repetition
5. Comes from brain lesion that isolates critical language areas such as Brocha, Wernicke, and arcuate faciculus.

Question 15

Global aphasia

Answer 15

1. Difficulty speaking fluently
2. Understands little to no spoken language
3. Most severe form of aphasia
4. Injuries to multiple language areas of the brain

Question 16

Anomic aphasia

Answer 16

1. Primary difficulty with word retrieval
2. Language comprehension is intact
3. Reading is intact
4. Considered mild form of aphasia
5. Damage in the inferior temporal lobe.

Question 17

Conduction aphasia

Answer 17

1. Difficulty repeating words/phrases
2. Some difficulty retrieving words
3. Usually can speak fluently
4. Usually can read and write
5. Damage to the acrcuate faciculus

Question 18

Transcortical Sensory aphasia

Answer 18

1. Difficulty understanding spoken language
2. Repetition is intact
3. Usually can speak fluently
4. Similar to Wernicke’s aphasia
5. Damage in cortical region near the junction of temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.

Question 19

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 19

1. Difficulty understanding spoken language
2. Difficulty repeating words/phrases
3. Usually speech is fluent but without meaning
4. Often labeled “receptive aphasia”

Question 20

What anatomical regions does the Wernicke-Geschwind model consist of?

Answer 20

Broca, Wernicke, arcuate faciculus, angular gyrus, and the primary sensory areas for visual, auditory, and motor functions.

Question 21

What brain regions are responsible for implicit memory?

Answer 21

Cerebellum and motor cortex.

Question 22

What function does the hippocampus serve?

Answer 22

Formation of new explicit memories.

Question 23

What memory function does the frontal lobe serve?

Answer 23

Storage of explicit memory.

Question 24

What memory function does the prefrontal cortex serve?

Answer 24

Storage of short-term memory.

Question 25

What memory function does the amygdala serve?

Answer 25

The formation of new emotional memories.

Question 26

What memory function does the temporal lobe serve?

Answer 26

Formation of both short-term and explicit memories.

Question 27

What were the consequences of the removal of H.M.’s hippocampi?

Answer 27

Though H.M. has little trouble forming new implicit memories, his has completely lost the capacity to encode new explicit memories.