final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physical geography aspects of Middle America?

A

Volcanic islands, mountain ranges, coral reefs, earthquakes

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2
Q

What is the Mainland

A

the interior portions of Mexico and Central America

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3
Q

What was the primary means of procuring labor for plantation agriculture?

A

slavery

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4
Q

What is hacienda?

A

lands held by Spanish colonialists for social prestige and a comfortable lifestyle

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5
Q

What types of people were used as servants on haciendas?

A

Amerindian peoples

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6
Q

What crops did Europeans introduce to Middle America?

A

coffee, wheat, barley, rice, citrus fruits, and sugarcane

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7
Q

What industrial inventions did Europeans bring to Middle America?

A

the wheel, new building methods, and new agricultural practices

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8
Q

What was the European religion?

A

Roman Catholic

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9
Q

What happened to the Amerindian population in Middle America after the European invasion

A

it decreased from 15-25 million people, to 2.5 million people after a century

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10
Q

When was the Olmec era?

A

1200-400 BCE

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11
Q

When was the Maya Classical Era?

A

300-900 CE

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12
Q

When was the Tolet era?

A

900-1150 CE

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13
Q

When was the Aztec era?

A

1300-1521 CE

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14
Q

When was the Spanish Conquest of Middle America

A

1519-1521

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15
Q

Who did Hernan Cortes and his men kill during the Spanish Conquest?

A

learned classes of the religious clergy, priestly orders, and those in authority

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16
Q

What was lost of Maya and Aztec culture during the Spanish Conquest?

A

astronomy, advanced calendar, and engineering technology

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17
Q

What is the Spanish colonial city characterized by?

A

a central plaza bordered by church, government offices, and stores; filled in with residential buildings

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18
Q

What is the eighth largest country in the world by area?

A

mexico

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19
Q

What borders Mexico on the southeast coast?

A

the Yucatan Peninsula

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20
Q

What land features are in the north of Mexico?

A

Southern Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountain ranges

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21
Q

What land feature is in the south of Mexico?

A

The Cordillera Neovolcánia

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22
Q

How many languages are spoken in Mexico by more than 100,000 people?

A

17

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23
Q

What is the long term goal of NAFTA?

A

to equalize economies of all three countries and create an open border free travel zone

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24
Q

What are maquiladoras?

A

foreign-owned factories in Mexico that import materials, assemble the product with cheap local labor, and export the finished product

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25
Q

What is the primary source of illegal drugs in the US?

A

Mexican cartels

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26
Q

What do drug cartels do for the government?

A

They fund services in some areas of Mexico, a job that is meant for the government

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27
Q

What type of climate does Central America have?

A

tropical (Type A climate)

q

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28
Q

What causes a variation in climate in Central America?

A

mountains and height variances

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29
Q

What are some natural problems that Central America faces?

A

hurricanes, tropical storms, earthquakes, and volcanoes

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30
Q

What is altitudinal zonation?

A

vertical environmental zones that change with altitude in mountainous regions

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31
Q

What are the 5 altitudinal zones?

A

Tierra caliente, tierra templada, tierra fría, tierra helada, tierra nevada

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32
Q

What is tierra caliente?

A

sea level-2500 feet; humid tropical lowlands, tropical rainforest, plantations, and coastal plains

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33
Q

What is tierra templada?

A

2500-6000 feet; most populated zone, most food crops can be grown here

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34
Q

What is tierra fría?

A

6000-12000 feet; highest zone found in Central America; shorter growing season

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35
Q

What is the only area in Central America colonized by the British rather than the Spanish?

A

Belize

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36
Q

Which countries gained independence from Spain in 1821?

A

Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica

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37
Q

What is the political geography of El Salvador?

A

civil war from 1979-1992, elite backed by the US fought peasants backed by the USSR, natural disasters have hindered recovery, coffee republicq

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38
Q

What is the political geography of El Salvador?

A

civil war from 1979-1992, elite backed by the US fought peasants backed by the USSR, natural disasters have hindered recovery, coffee republicq

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39
Q

What is a coffee republic?

A

a political state whose economy is dominated by a single crop, coffee

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40
Q

What is the political geography of Nicaragua?

A

civil war to 1978-1980 to oust US backed regime, civil war from 1982-1990 after Iran-Contra-Affair funded counterrevolution, US backed candidate defeated Marxist candidate Sandinista

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41
Q

What is the political geography of Hondruas?

A

no civil war, but fruit companies have manipulated the government to buy land and use cheap labor of locals moved off of the land to make profits, banana republic

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42
Q

What is the political geography of Costa Rica

A

no army, nicknamed the Switzerland of Central America, tourism and outside investments pay the bills

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43
Q

What is the political geography of Panam?

A

gained independence from Colombia in 1903, US completed Panama Canal in 1914, Jimmy Carter agreed to give the Panama Canal to Panama in 1999

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43
Q

What is the political geography of Panam?

A

gained independence from Colombia in 1903, US completed Panama Canal in 1914, Jimmy Carter agreed to give the Panama Canal to Panama in 1999

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44
Q

What islands make up the Greater Antilles?

A

Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (split into Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and Puerto Rico

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45
Q

What islands make up the Lesser Antilles?

A

Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago

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46
Q

What were the other three minor colonizers of the Caribbean?

A

Portugal, Sweden, and Denmark

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47
Q

The present day middle class of the Caribbean is largely comprised of _______

A

mulattos

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48
Q

Who led the Cuban Revolution>

A

Fidel Castro

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49
Q

What was the Bay of Pigs?

A

a failed counterrevolution in 1960

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50
Q

What does Cuba hope for that will increase tourism?

A

fully lift the US travel ban

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51
Q

What type of economy is Cuba shifting towards

A

shifting from fully socialist to capitalism

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52
Q

Who originally claimed Puerto Rico?

A

the spanish

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53
Q

Who took over Puerto Rico after the Spanish?

A

the US (after the Spanish American war)

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54
Q

When did Puerto Ricans gain US citizenship?

A

1917

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55
Q

How is Hispaniola divided in terms of colonialism?

A

Spain in the east, France in the west during colonialism

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56
Q

What is the Dominican Republic’s economic state?

A

stable economy, good tourism, although there is a wealth inequality

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57
Q

What is Haiti’s economic state?

A

plantation agriculture, African slaves, slave revolt and independence in 1804

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58
Q

What is the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere?

A

haiti

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59
Q

What are some ecological issues in Haiti?

A

Deforestation, environmental devastation, natural disasters

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60
Q

Who colonized Jamaica?

A

the Spanish

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61
Q

Who took Jamaica from Spain?

A

England

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62
Q

What is the problem with cruise ships in the Rimland?

A

large cruise ships can overtax an island and cause a disparity between rich tourists and poor workers

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63
Q

What is offshore banking?

A

individuals escape paying taxes in their home country by banking in the islands

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64
Q

What are some examples of Caribbean music and dance styles?

A

meringue, bouyon, rara, calypso, reggae

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65
Q

Where do tropical storms almost always develop?

A

between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn

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66
Q

How do hurricanes form?

A

Warm moist air rises from warm water, water vapor condenses and cools, low pressure draws air upward from the surface

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67
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

high water driven forward by a hurricane, usually causes the most damage and death

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68
Q

Where do hurricane systems lose strength?

A

over land

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69
Q

When is hurricane season in the North Atlantic?

A

June 1 - November 30

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70
Q

What are the main geographical features of South America?

A

Andes mountains, Amazon rainforest, Pampas and Patagonia plains

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71
Q

What is the Atacama desert?

A

One of the driest places on earth

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72
Q

Where is the Pampas region?

A

eastern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil

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73
Q

What is the Tordesillas Line

A

a line created by the Catholic Church that divides South America: Spain in the west and Portugal in the east

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74
Q

What are the Guianas?

A

it is an area on the north of South America colonized by the British, Dutch, and French

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75
Q

What was the destination in South America for most slaves?

A

BRAZIL

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76
Q

Who captured the Inca ruler in 1533

A

Francisco Pizarro

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77
Q

When did the Inca Empire collapse?

A

1535

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78
Q

What did British Guiana become?

A

Guyana

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79
Q

What were runaway slaves called in Suriname?

A

maroons

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80
Q

What is the population of French Guiana mostly?

A

Creole (French and African)

Q

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81
Q

Where does more than half of the French Guiana population live?

A

in Cayenne

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82
Q

Where in South America does the European Space Agency have a launch site?

A

French Guiana

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83
Q

Where is the Rural Amerindian Region of South America located?

A

Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

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84
Q

What type of climate does the Rural Amerindian Region have?

A

mountainous (type H)

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85
Q

Where is the Mixed Mestizo Region located?

A

coastal west and interior highlands of north and east; Paraguay, portions of Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela

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86
Q

Where is the European Commercial Region located?

A

Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, parts of Brazil

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87
Q

What did the creation of the EU and NAFTA pressure South America to do?

A

develop similar organizations

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88
Q

What was formed in 2008 in South America?

A

UNASUR - The Union of South American Nations

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89
Q

Where is Venezuela located?

A

along the northern coast of South America

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90
Q

Where are the Andes located in Venezuela?

A

they run along the north all the way to the capital city of Caracas

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91
Q

What are llanos?

A

grassland plains bordering Colombia

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92
Q

What are the Guiana Highlands?

A

forests and mountainous terrain in the south of Venezuela

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93
Q

What is Angel Falls?

A

the largest waterfall in the world

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94
Q

Where does the majority of the Venezuelan population live?

A

on the north coast

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95
Q

Who was the founding member of OPEC?

A

Venezuela

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96
Q

What is a large majority of the Venezuelan population?

A

urban

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97
Q

What are the two largest legal exports of Colombia

A

coffee and oil

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98
Q

What is FARC?

A

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

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99
Q

What are some political/social issues Colombia faces?

A

government corruption, crime, death and destruction for normal citizens

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100
Q

What are the Rural Amerindia States?

A

Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

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101
Q

What South American city is a port city for the Atlantic Ocean?

A

Iquitos, Peru

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102
Q

What language is spoken in rural and remote areas of the rural Amerindia states?

A

Quechua

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103
Q

What resources are found in Bolivia?

A

natural gas, gold, silver, tin, and other minerals

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104
Q

What are some ecological issues in the rural Amerindia states?

A

deforestation, mineral removal, and oil spills

105
Q

What is a major source of tourism for the rural Amerindian states?

A

Incan and Pre-Incan sites: Machu Picchu, Galapagos Islands, Lake Titicaca

106
Q

What can permanently damage archeological sites?

A

high tourist activity

107
Q

What are the two main language groups spoken in paraguay?

A

Spanish and Guarani languages

108
Q

In Paraguay, what percentage of the land is suitable for growing?

A

less than 10%

109
Q

What is the largest country in South America?

A

Brazil

110
Q

What is triangle trade?

A

The Atlantic Ocean trade of manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and crops from the Americas to Europe

111
Q

What country received the most slaves?

A

Brazil

112
Q

What is the center of trade in industry for Brazil, as well as the largest city in South America?

A

Sao Paulo

113
Q

What is the center of tourism and international business for Brazil?

A

Rio de Janeiro

114
Q

Where did the Japanese migrate to after WWII?

A

Sao Paulo

115
Q

What are Brazil’s big exports?

A

Manufactured goods and food crops such as soybeans, coffee, orange juice, and beef

116
Q

What happens when you remove the plants from rainforests?

A

It removes nutrients from the ecosystem which results in loss of biodiversity, which causes a release of carbon dioxide

117
Q

What is considered the breadbasket of Brazil, and why?

A

West Central Brazil because it has the capital city of Brasilia and inland development

118
Q

Where in Brazil are many European immigrant descendants found?

A

South Brazil

119
Q

What are the features of South brazil?

A

good soils, moderate climate, high-tech industries, and a population separated from the rest of the country

120
Q

What countries make up the Southern Cone?

A

Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile

121
Q

Where can a Type C climate be found in the Southern Cone?

A

Uruguay, central Chile, and the Pampas of Argentina

122
Q

Where can a Type B climate be found in the Southern Cone?

A

in the Atacama Desert and Patagonia of Argentina

123
Q

Where is agriculture found in Uruguay?

A

In the Pampas

124
Q

What is the capital city of Uruguay?

A

Montevideo

125
Q

What is the home to the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur)?

A

Montevideo

126
Q

What is the second largest country in South America and the eighth largest in the world?

A

Argentina

127
Q

What country is home to the highest and lowest points in the Western Hemisphere?

A

Argentina

128
Q

Where are the Falkland Islands located?

A

The Atlantic Ocean

129
Q

What political/economic issue does Argentina face?

A

political instability resulting in hyperinflation

130
Q

What is one of the driest places on earth where rain has never been recorded in some areas?

A

the Atacama Desert

131
Q

What is the core region of Chile?

A

Central Chile; Valparaiso port, capital city of Santiago

132
Q

What percentage of the Chilean population is European or Mestizo?

A

95%

133
Q

What country has a relatively stable government compared to other South American countries?

A

Chile

134
Q

What country has free trade agreements with each NAFTA member?

A

Chile

135
Q

What are some political/social issues Colombia faces?

A

idk

136
Q

What Isthmus serves as a land bridge between North and South American continents?

A

the Isthmus of Panama

137
Q

What is the Rimland

A

The Caribbean Islands and the Caribbean coastal areas of Central America

138
Q

Who typically operates a plantation>

A

individuals who are not directly working the land

139
Q

What are some examples of cash crops?

A

tobacco, sugar cane, cotton, and fruit

140
Q

By the 1800s, most of the population of middle America were ____

A

of African descent

141
Q

What decimated local populations of Middle America?

A

disease

142
Q

What replaced native food crops in Middle America?

A

cash crops

143
Q

What are ejidos?

A

land in which the community owns the land, but individuals can gain profit from it by sharing resources

144
Q

What animals did the Europeans introduce to Middle America?

A

horses, donkeys, sheep, chickens, and domesticated cattle

145
Q

What disease did Europeans bring to Middle America?

A

measles, mumps, smallpox, and influenza

146
Q

What is Mesoamerica?

A

a region in southern-central Mexico and northern Central America

147
Q

What is a cultural hearth?

A

a region where an early human civilization began

148
Q

What was the Olmec era?

A

a precursor to the Maya in Mesoamerica; known for large stone heads

149
Q

What was the Maya Classical Era?

A

composed of city states with stone temples and large cities; glyphic writing

150
Q

What was the Tolet era?

A

an era between Maya and Aztec; source of some Aztec myths, Nahuatl language

151
Q

What was the Aztec era?

A

an era of regional power, agriculture, subjugation and tribute taxes, Tenochtitlán

152
Q

What happened during the Spanish Conquest?

A

Hernan Cortes and his men defeated the Aztecs by uniting groups that the Aztecs had subjugated

153
Q

What borders Mexico on the northwest coast?

A

the Baja Peninsula

154
Q

What are the climate regions of Mexico?

A

temperate in the north, tropical in the south

155
Q

temperate in the north, tropical in the south

A

mountain ranges, foothills, plateaus, deserts, and coastal plains

156
Q

What are some issues in Mexico City?

A

pollution, fresh water shortage, and waste water dumping

157
Q

What are some issues in Mexico City?

A

pollution, fresh water shortage, and waste water dumping

158
Q

What is the official Mexico City population (2020)

A

nearly 22 million

159
Q

What is the unofficial Mexico City population, including slums (2020)

A

126 million

160
Q

What percentage of the Mexican population are Mestizo?

A

60%

161
Q

The socioeconomic disparity in Mexico is largely divided by ________

A

ethnicity

162
Q

What percentage of the Mexican population lives in poverty?

A

40%

163
Q

What is NAFTA?

A

North American Free Trade Agreement; it is an economic agreement between Canada, the US, and Mexico that eliminated or reduced tariffs between the countries

163
Q

What is NAFTA?

A

North American Free Trade Agreement; it is an economic agreement between Canada, the US, and Mexico that eliminated or reduced tariffs between the countries

164
Q

Why was NAFTA created?

A

To help the US, Canada, and Mexico be able to compete on the global market scale

165
Q

Why is Mexico a place that markets would want to have their products produced in?

A

There are less rigorous labor laws in Mexico, less pollution control, and there has been a loss of manufacturing jobs in the US

166
Q

Other than drugs, what is another large source of income and violence in Mexico?

A

human trafficking

167
Q

What is tierra helada?

A

12000-15000 feet; not found in Central America, no trees or crops, only livestock is grown here (aka “puna”)

168
Q

What is tierra nevada?

A

Above 15000 feet; little human activity, permanent snow and ice

169
Q

What is tierra nevada?

A

Above 15000 feet; little human activity, permanent snow and ice

170
Q

What percentage of people in Central America are rural?

A

50%; known for large family sizes

171
Q

What is CAFTA?

A

Central American Free Trade Agreement

172
Q

What are the republics of Central America?

A

Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, Belize, and Panama

173
Q

What is the political geography of Guatemala?

A

civil war from 1960-1966, conflicts with US based United Fruit Company in 1950s, peace brokered by the Catholic Church

174
Q

What is the political geography of Belize?

A

they gained independence from Britain in 1981, heavily reliant on ecotourism

175
Q

When did the US take Cuba and Puerto Rica from spain?

A

After the Spanish-American war

176
Q

Who was named successor to Fidel Castro in 2006?

A

Raul Castro, his brother

177
Q

Do Puerto Ricans pay federal taxes?

A

no

178
Q

Can Puerto Ricans vote in federal elections?

A

no

179
Q

Can Puerto Ricans vote in federal elections?

A

no

180
Q

What are the two countries making up the island of Hispaniola?

A

the Dominican Republic and Haiti

181
Q

How is Haiti’s government?

A

There are difficulties maintaining a stable government

182
Q

What was the native Taino population in Jamaica replaced by?

A

African Slaves

183
Q

What was the native Taino population in Jamaica replaced by?

A

African Slaves

184
Q

What are some political issues in Jamaica?

A

violence, organized crime, and drug trafficking

185
Q

What is the main attraction of the Rimland?

A

cruises, clear waters, beaches

186
Q

What is a hurricane?

A

a tropical cyclone that occurs in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

187
Q

What is a typhoon?

A

a tropical cyclone that occurs in the North Pacific Ocean

188
Q

What is a cyclone?

A

a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Indian Ocean region and in the South Pacific Ocean

189
Q

North of the equator, tropical storms rotate in a _________ direction

A

counterclockwise

190
Q

South of the equator, tropical storms rotate in a __________ direction

A

clockwise

191
Q

South of the equator, tropical storms rotate in a __________ direction

A

clockwise

192
Q

What is the eye?

A

the center of the hurricane with no clouds, sinking air, and less wind

193
Q

What is the eyewall?

A

usually the strongest winds and heaviest rainfall; area that surrounds the eye

194
Q

What are feeder bands?

A

lines of storms spiral outward from the eyewall, strengthening the storm system

195
Q

What was the last major cultural group in the Andes Mountains?

A

the Inca Empire

196
Q

How long are the Andes Mountains and where do they stretch to?

A

5,000 miles long, from Venezuela to Chile

197
Q

How long is the Amazon River?

A

over 2,000 miles

198
Q

What percentage of the global river water does the Amazon River contribute?

A

1/5

199
Q

Where is Lake Titicaca located?

A

in the Altiplano region between Peru and Bolivia

200
Q

What desert region contains rivers that contain arsenic

A

Atacama Desert, one example if the Lluta River

201
Q

Where is the Patagonia region?

A

it is a prairie grassland in Argentina east of the Andes

202
Q

What is Tierra del Fuego?

A

the southernmost portion of South America; contains active volcanoes

203
Q

What crops were imported from South America during European colonialism?

A

coffee, sugarcane, bananas, and citrus fruits

204
Q

What colonial power imported the most slaves?

A

Portugal

205
Q

What city in South America became an important role for trade?

A

Lima, Peru

206
Q

What type of climate does Guyana have?

A

tropical (type a)

207
Q

What did Dutch Guiana become?

A

Suriname

208
Q

What disputes does Suriname get into with other countries in South America?

A

border disputes over minerals and resources

209
Q

What disputes does Suriname get into with other countries in South America?

A

border disputes over minerals and resources

210
Q

What does French Guiana become?

A

Trick question, it remains a colony of France

211
Q

Where is the Tropical Plantation Region of South America located?

A

north and east coast of South America, similar culture and economy to the Caribbean

212
Q

What is the conflict in the Amazon Basin?

A

deforestation, land conflicts with Amerindian locals

213
Q

What is Colombia’s largest industry?

A

agriculture

214
Q

What drug has been smuggled out of Colombia since the 1970s?

A

cocaine

215
Q

What groups control large portions of Colombia?

A

drug cartels and armed guerrilla groups

216
Q

Where does the Amazon River start?

A

Peru

217
Q

What is the main language of the rural Amerindia states?

A

Spanish

218
Q

What is the main language of the rural Amerindia states?

A

Spanish

219
Q

Where is Paraguay located?

A

it is landlocked; not connected to the Andes or the Amazon Basin

220
Q

What is the religion in Paraguay?

A

Roman Catholic

221
Q

What religion is prominent in Brazil?

A

Roman Catholic

222
Q

What is the language in Brazil?

A

Portuguese

223
Q

What are some of the crops sent from the Americas to Europe?

A

sugar, tobacco, and rum

224
Q

What is the capital city of Brazil?

A

Brasilia

225
Q

What is the fifth largest country in the world?

A

Brazil

226
Q

Where is there extensive poverty in Brazil?

A

in the favela slums

227
Q

What are some ecological issues in the Amazon Basin?

A

deforestation of the Amazon rainforest for agricultural land; gold mining and other resource extraction

228
Q

Where do 50% of the species on earth live?

A

rainforests

229
Q

What percentage of the surface area of the Earth do rainforests make up?

A

5%

230
Q

Where was plantation agriculture in Brazil?

A

in the northeast

231
Q

What area of Brazil has industrial agriculture in cerrado grassland savannah and scrub forests?

A

West Central Brazil

232
Q

What types of European immigrant descendants are found in South Brazil?

A

German and Italian

233
Q

Where can a Type H climate be found in the Southern Cone?

A

Andes Mountains, varying with elevation

234
Q

What areas result from the rain shadow effect on the Andes Mountains?

A

moderate Pampas in the north, dry Patagonia in the south

235
Q

What are the dimensions of Chile?

A

2,500 miles long and 90 miles wide on average

236
Q

What area of Chile is dry?

A

the north

237
Q

What area of Chile is rainy?

A

the south

238
Q

Where does 90% of the population of Chile live?

A

in Central Chile

239
Q

What is the general climate of middle america?

A

Tropical (Type A) climate

240
Q

What is plantation agriculture

A

focus on a single cash crop with seasonal high labor needs

241
Q

What were plantations replaced by?

A

multiple private farms or large corporate farms

242
Q

What is mestizo?

A

people of mixed ethnicity, including European and Amerindian ethnicity

243
Q

What area of Mexico features industry manufacturing?

A

Mexico City

244
Q

Why did manufacturing move from the US to Mexico?

A

lower labor costs

245
Q

What is a banana republic?

A

a political state whose economy is dominated by a single crop, bananas

246
Q

What were the four main colonizers in the Caribbean?

A

Spanish, English, Dutch, and French

247
Q

When did the US by the Virgin Islands from Denmark?

A

after WWII

248
Q

What is a mulatto?

A

a person with both European and African ancestry

249
Q

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

It was when Cuba hosted USSR nuclear missiles on the island in 1962

250
Q

How does Cuba regulate internet access?

A

Citizens are allowed to own computers and cellphones, but the government controls the internet

251
Q

Where does a majority of the population of Guyana live?

A

in coastal regions

252
Q

What type of climate does the Amazon Basin have?

A

tropical (type A)

253
Q

What environmental impact has cocaine caused?

A

chemical pollution

254
Q

What rural Amerindia states have oil?

A

Ecuador and Peru

255
Q

What are some issues Paraguay faces?

A

lack of infrastructure, poverty, government corruption

256
Q

What is the Middle Passage?

A

the journey of ships carrying African slaves across the Atlantic Ocean

257
Q

What country has the largest Japanese population outside of Japan?

A

Brazil

258
Q

How many Amerindians remain the Amazon Basin?

A

100k-200k