Final

Question 1

Science

Answer 1

a method, or process, used to investigate the
natural world.

Question 2

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 2

is used to solve problems with
“known” parameters.

Question 3

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 3

is used to generate
new information or principles.

Question 4

Observation

Answer 4

data obtained with the five senses
of a single event

Question 5

Generalization

Answer 5

A generalization is a pattern or regularity you discern from a set of similar or related observations

Question 6

Inference

Answer 6

An inference is a reasonable, but tentative consequence or conclusion you deduce from an observation or generalization (or both) combined with your prior knowledge and experience - what you think it all might mean.

Question 7

Qualitative Observation

Answer 7

Descriptive; what something is like

Question 8

Quantitative Observation

Answer 8

Numeric; how many; relates to a quantity

Question 9

The Scientific Method

Answer 9

1. Observation – an observation is a single perceived event.*
2. Hypothesis – a hypothesis is a proposition that might be true.
   a. A hypothesis comes from an educated guess about the
   pattern or process (generalizations) underlying potentially
   related observations.
   b. Alternate hypotheses – are other possible, but less likely
   explanations for observed phenomenon.
   c. All versions of the scientific method involve forming
   hypotheses.
3. Predictions – General consequences that
   might be observed if a hypothesis is
   correct. Frequently more specific than a
   hypothesis.
4. Testing – The use of experiments to
   evaluate predictions and thus accept or
   reject the underlying hypotheses. All
   versions of the scientific method involve
   testing.
5. Conclusion – A conclusion is drawn from
   the results of an experiment. Rejected
   hypotheses are discarded and hypotheses
   that are not rejected are carried forward
   into future work. A series of accepted,
   related hypotheses are the basis for a
   theory.

Question 10

Theory

Answer 10

is a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations.

Question 11

Independent Variable IV

Answer 11

the one variable that you are changing

Question 12

Dependent Variable DV

Answer 12

the one variable you think is affected by the IV You are experimenting to see if there is a relationship between IV and DV

Question 13

Control Variables

Answer 13

all of the other variables that are kept the same

Question 14

Hr

Answer 14

is the hypothesis stating that there is a difference caused by the independent variable, as to its effect on the dependent variable. Note, the Hr does not state the nature of the difference, but only that there is a difference.

Question 15

Null Hypothesis (N0)

Answer 15

is the hypothesis of no difference; there is NO difference caused by the independent variable as to its effect on the dependent variable.

Question 16

Alternate Hypothesis (Ha1)

Answer 16

describes one nature of the difference alluded to in the Hr and is the hypothesis which we expect to occur (consistent with our
prediction/conjecture).

Question 17

2nd alternative hypothesis (Ha2).

Answer 17

describes a different (and
generally opposing) nature of the difference alluded to in the Hr and is the hypothesis which we DO NOT expect to occur. Generally, Ha1 and Ha2 describe opposing responses (increase vs. decrease, positive correlation vs. negative correlation, etc.).

Question 18

Variable

Answer 18

is any aspect of nature that is capable
of changing.

Question 19

Correlation

Answer 19

two variables behave in an interrelated manner:
the value of one variable predicts the value of the
other variable.

Question 20

Continuos Variable

Answer 20

Infinite number of measurements between any two points. (line graph).

Question 21

Discrete Variable

Answer 21

Non-overlapping categories; no in-between. (column graph).

Question 22

Interpolation

Answer 22

Estimating among known data points

Question 23

Extrapolation

Answer 23

Estimating beyond known data points

Question 24

Dermal Tissue

Answer 24

forms the outermost layer.

Question 25

Vascular Tissue

Answer 25

contain tube-like cells that conduct
either water or food.

Question 26

Ground Tissue

Answer 26

is any other type of tissue found in
plants.

Question 27

Phloem

Answer 27

transports food such as sugars made
through photosynthesis

Question 28

Xylem

Answer 28

transports water and mineral
nutrients

Question 29

Sieve Tubes

Answer 29

are the food-conducting tubes in phloem; they are made up of long, tubelike living cells joined end to end and connected through openings in their end walls.

Question 30

Angiosperms

Answer 30

are divided into two main groups based on their structure: dicots and monocots.

Question 31

Flowers

Answer 31

Angiosperms facilitate sexual reproduction by bringing together the male and female gametes.

Question 32

Dicots

Answer 32

largest group of flowering plants that have leaf veins in a netlike pattern.

Question 33

Taproot

Answer 33

Found in dicots where there is a main root with many branches.

Question 34

Cotyledons (also found in dicots)

Answer 34

food-storing organs that are part of the tiny, embryonic seedling that lies inside a seed.

Question 35

Monocots

Answer 35

include all the grasses, members of the lily family, palm trees, and banana plants.

Question 36

Fibrous roots (monocot)

Answer 36

Tuft like roots which lack a main dominant root.

Question 37

Fruit

Answer 37

is a mature ovary with seeds inside it.

Question 38

Prediction

Answer 38

says what will happen in an experiment if the hypothesis is correct.