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Bio Lab 1 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the steps to the scientific method?

A

observe, question, hypothesize, predict, experimental design, data collection and analysis, and conclusion

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2
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a tentative explanation or educated guess about the answers to your question

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3
Q

what is the premise for a null hypothesis?

A

that the experiment will not yield a measurable change

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4
Q

what is a theory?

A

related data that previously appeared to be unrelated

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5
Q

what is a prediction?

A

a logical extension that follows when the propose hypothesis is correct. “if, then”

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6
Q

what is a standardized variable?

A

certain factors that are kept constant so that they will not influence the outcome of the experiment

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7
Q

what is a positive control?

A

is a sample/specimen that is used to demonstrate the expected phenomenon and this control is selected based upon previous, established, and accepted research

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8
Q

what is a negative control?

A

a sample or mock sample that usually yields a negative result for the expect phenomenon

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9
Q

what is a dependent variable?

A

the variable being measure, plotted on the y-axis

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10
Q

what is the independent variable?

A

the factor which is manipulated, plotted on the x-axis

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11
Q

mega

A

10^6, a million (M)

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12
Q

kilo

A

10^3, a thousand (k)

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13
Q

deci

A

10^-1, a tenth (d)

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14
Q

centi

A

10^-2, a hundredth (c)

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15
Q

milli

A

10^-3, a thousandth (m)

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16
Q

micro

A

10^-6, a millionth (u)

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17
Q

nano

A

10^-9, a billionth (n)

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18
Q

pico

A

10^-12, a trillionth (p)

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19
Q

how many millimeters make up one centimeter?

A

10

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20
Q

what is a bell shaped curve?

A

a normal curve

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21
Q

what is frequency distribution?

A

the classification of number of observations within different classes

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22
Q

what is a histogram?

A

the graphing of a frequency distribution

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23
Q

what is the mean?

A

the average

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24
Q

what is the median?

A

the middle number

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25
Q

what is the mode?

A

the number that occurs most often

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26
Q

what is range?

A

the difference between he largest and smallest number

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27
Q

what is magnification?

A

the amount that the image of an object is enlarged

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28
Q

what is resolving power or resolution?

A

the extent to which the details in an object are preserved during magnification

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29
Q

what is contrast?

A

the degree to which image details stand out against a background

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30
Q

what is the objective and total magnification of the scanning lens?

A

4x, 40x

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31
Q

what is the objective and total magnification of the low power lens?

A

10x, 100x

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32
Q

what is the objective and total magnification of the high power lens?

A

40x, 400x

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33
Q

what is the objective and total magnification of the oil immersion lens?

A

100x, 1000x

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34
Q

what is the field of view?

A

this is the circle of light you see when looking through the oculars

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35
Q

what is parfocal?

A

once the specimen has been focus using the scanning objective, the object will remain in focus when rotating to a higher magnifying objective

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36
Q

what is parcentral?

A

the center of the field of view for one objective will also remain in the center of the field of view when switching to another objective

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37
Q

what is working distance?

A

this is the space between the objective lens and the slide on the stage

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38
Q

during the microscopy lab the colored threads slide showed?

A

depth of feild

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39
Q

what are the smallest units of life?

A

cells

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40
Q

bacteria and archaea are?

A

prokaryotic

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41
Q

prokaryotes lack?

A

a nuclei

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42
Q

protist and fungi can be considered?

A

eukaryotes

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43
Q

bacteria and archaea have three possible categories?

A

coccus, bacillus and spirillum

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44
Q

plant cells contain?

A

chloroplast, vacuoles, a nucleus, a plasma membrane, and cell wall

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45
Q

what are the four groups of biological macromolecules?

A

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

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46
Q

what are lipids?

A

greasy compounds that are non polar and insoluble in water

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47
Q

what are lipids composed of?

A

fatty acids, and a glycerol molecule which together forms glyceride

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48
Q

what is the make of a lipid categorized as a triglyceride?

A

a lipid that has 3 fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol

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49
Q

what do lipids function as?

A

steroids, carotenoids, phospholipids and neutral fats

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50
Q

what test identify lipids?

A

the paper test

51
Q

proteins serve as?

A

structural components of the cells and tissues, assist in speeding up reactions

52
Q

what makes up a protein?

A

linked amino acids

53
Q

what are the covalent bonds between each amino acid?

A

peptide bonds

54
Q

what is used to test the presence of peptide bonds and detect proteins?

A

the biuret test (color change from blue to violet/black)

55
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

sugar molecules

56
Q

what are carbohydrates composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

57
Q

what is the simplest form of a carbohydrate?

A

a monosaccharide

58
Q

what are monosaccharides composed of?

A

one single sugar molecule

59
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides?

A

ribose deoxyribose, glucose, and fructose

60
Q

what test identifies simple sugars?

A

copper containing compound calles Benedict’s reagent (color changes from blue to orange)

61
Q

two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds are called?

A

disaccharides

62
Q

what are common disaccharides?

A

sucrose, maltose, and lactose

63
Q

what are two disaccharides joined together called?

A

a polysaccharide

64
Q

what is glycogen?

A

a polysaccharide

65
Q

what test identify complex carbohydrates?

A

Lugol’s Idodine test (tests for starch) which utilizes an IKI solution ( color changes from dark red to black)

66
Q

membranes act as?

A

boundaries that selectively allow solutes to move in and out of the cell.

67
Q

what is selective permeability?

A

the regulation of passage of substances into and out of the cell

68
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the simplest way that solutes can enter the cell

69
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the movement of water from high concentrations to low concentrations; occurs when a selectively permeable membrane separates different concentrations of water

70
Q

what is a concentration gradient?

A

the difference in concentration of like molecules in two regions

71
Q

what is tonicity?

A

describes on solute’s solute concentration compared to another solution

72
Q

what is hypotonic?

A

a solution which contains a lower concentration of solutes

73
Q

what is isotonic?

A

solutions containing equal concentrations of solutes

74
Q

what is hypertonic?

A

one solution has a greater concentration than the other

75
Q

what is turgor pressure?

A

when water moves into the cell and presses the cytoplasm abasing the plant cell wall

76
Q

what is plasmolysis?

A

when a plant cell loses water and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall

77
Q

what are enzymes?

A

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

78
Q

what is the primary structure of an enzyme?

A

the linking of amino acids together via peptide bonds to create a chain formation

79
Q

what is the secondary structure of an enzyme/protein?

A

the protein folds ion itself via hydrogen bonds creating 3 dimensional structural changes such as alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

80
Q

the tertiary and quaternary structures?

A

when the secondary form forms more covalent bonds amongst itself; and bonds with with another protein

81
Q

what is the active site?

A

the portion of the protein where the enzyme binds to the substrate

82
Q

what is the enzyme substrate complex?

A

an intermediate formed when the enzyme and substrate bind

83
Q

what is the enzyme product complex?

A

when enzymes from the substrate complex are converted to products

84
Q

what is enzyme efficiency?

A

determined similarity as the amount of product produced per unit of time; the more product produced per unit of time the more efficient the enzyme

85
Q

what can alter the ability of an enzyme to work?

A

environmental changes, pH, and temperature

86
Q

denaturing an enzymes disrupts?

A

secondary and tertiary structures

87
Q

what is catechol oxidase?

A

the enzyme found in several fruits and root organs

88
Q

what substrates does catechol oxidase use?

A

catechol and oxygen which produce water and benzoquinone (yellow-brown product)

89
Q

what is a spectrophotometer?

A

an instrument used to measure the concentration of a solute within a solution

90
Q

what is absorbance?

A

the amount of light absorbed

91
Q

what is transmittance?

A

the amount fo light which passes through

92
Q

what is spectroscopy?

A

the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter

93
Q

what is spectrophotometry?

A

the specific interaction of light energy and solutions

94
Q

what is wavelength?

A

the distance from the crest of one electromagnetic wave to another

95
Q

what is the largest wavelength?

A

radio waves

96
Q

what is the shortest and most energetic wave length?

A

gamma waves

97
Q

what is electromagnetic spectrum?

A

the measure of electromagnetic radiation

98
Q

what does the wave theory of electromagnetic radiation say?

A

energy is inversely proportional to the wavelength, thus the longer the wavelength the less energy that specific radiation contains

99
Q

what are the ranges of visible light?

A

380nm-760nm

100
Q

what is an absorption spectrum?

A

provided by an absorbance reading at each wavelength across the visible light spectrum

101
Q

what is beer’s law?

A

proposes that absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration

102
Q

what can a spectrometer be used to study?

A

the measure of the amount of monochromatic light (light from a specific wavelength) absorbed or transmitted by molecules in a solution

103
Q

photosynthesis provides which two vital products?

A

carbohydrates and oxygen

104
Q

what are the two pigments of photosynthesis?

A

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

105
Q

what light is absorbed and what light is reflected by chlorophyll?

A

red and blue-violet light is absorbed and green is reflected

106
Q

what is an absorption spectrum?

A

a record of the amount of light absorbed at every wavelength

107
Q

what is the carbon cycle?

A

traces the movement of carbon through the earth system

108
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

includes the metabolic pathways by which green plants capture light energy and use it to convert molecules of CO2 and H2O into sugar molecules

109
Q

what is respiration?

A

the metabolic pathway by which sugar molecules are broken down into CO2 and H2O and energy is released

110
Q

what is metabolism?

A

mechanisms used to gather, store, and use energy

111
Q

what is a metabolic pathway?

A

a specific process which starts with one compound and ends up with another

112
Q

what are autotrophs?

A

organisms capable of making their own food

113
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

organisms incapable of making their own food via photosynthesis

114
Q

products of aerobic respiration?

A

6 CO2, 6 H2O, and 36 ATP

115
Q

produced of lactic fermentation?

A

lactate and ATP

116
Q

produced of alcoholic fermentation?

A

ethanol, carbon dioxide, and ATP

117
Q

what determines the efficiency of respiration?

A

the amount of energy captured in the form of ATP relative to the amount available within the bonds of carbohydrates

118
Q

carbohydrates contain which bonds?

A

glycosidic bonds

119
Q

why is A. Thaliana used as a model organism?

A

it has a short generation time and the ability to self fertilize

120
Q

what is GUS?

A

an enzyme, glucuronidase; reporter gene

121
Q

what is X-Gluc

A

a colorless substrate which cleaves to GUS producing the insoluble blue

122
Q

in high auxin presence what happens?

A

transcription to primary response and translation to secondary response may occur

123
Q

in low auxin presence what happens?

A

transcription in inhibited

Bio Lab 1 (1 decks)

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