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Biological Anthropology Lab Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two heuristic groups of australopithecines?

A

Gracile and robust

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2
Q

What is ardipithecus dated as and where was it found?

A

4.4 myr
Ethiopia

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3
Q

Why was ardipithecus classed as a hominid?

A

Biped - pushed off second toe
Still has abducted toe

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4
Q

What was the brain size and face shape of ardipithecus?

A
  • 300- 500 cc
  • less projecting then chimp
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5
Q

What is different about ardipithecus’ canines?

A
  • Smaller canines then a chimp
  • largest canines of the hominid group
  • less sexually dimorphic than chimps
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6
Q

Example of gracile?

A

Australopithecus Africanas
Taung child

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7
Q

Gracile morphological traits

A
  • Smaller canines
  • less projecting face
  • larger molars
  • same brain size as a chimp 400 - 500cc
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8
Q

Sexual dimorphism of australopithecine

A
  • Large sexual dimorphism
  • hints to polygynous mating system
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9
Q

Where and when were “robust” australopithecines?

A
  • Bosei
    East Africa
    2.1-1.1 Mya
  • robustus
    South Africa
    1.8 -1 mya
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10
Q

Dentition of robustus

A

Small incisors “peg-like”
Enormous molars and mandible

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11
Q

Why does robustos have a wide face

A
  • Small front teeth
  • huge molars
    Sagitta crest for large chewing muscles
    Large zygomatic arch
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12
Q

Information on transitional phase between late Australopithecus and early homo

A
  • Africa - 2 million years ago
  • bigger skulls OR more modern-shaped faces
  • never both
  • small bodies
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13
Q

Habilines

A
  • 1.9 Mya from East Africa
  • 510cc cranial capacity
  • smaller face vs Australopithecus
  • small front and back teeth
  • projecting brow ridge
  • low post-orbital constriction
  • stone tools = unknown
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14
Q

“Rudolfensis”

A
  • 1.9 Mya East Africa
  • 775 cc
  • large Australopithecus face
  • large molar and front teeth
  • No brow ridge
    Stone tools unknown
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15
Q

Homo ergaster unique

A
  • 1.8 Mya in Africa
    Unique in morphology in technology
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16
Q

Ergaster example and post cranial construction

A

Nariokotomc boy
Males
- bigger bodies
- 1.65 myr
- thin
- heavily muscled

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17
Q

Advantages of ergaster morphology

A
  • Heat adaptation
  • hunting-related running
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18
Q

Teeth morphology of ergaster and why

A

Front teeth and molars get smaller

Different diet perhaps due to processing of food with fire and tools

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19
Q

Projection of ergaster face

A

Less projection

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20
Q

Brow ridge of ergaster

A

Large and projecting
Also called suprorbital sulcus

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21
Q

Homo ergaster occipital bone

A

Also called nuchal torus
Hints to strong neck muscle
Could mean stranger sight

22
Q

Sexual dimorphism in ergaster

A

Less sexual dimorphism
Could indicate pair- bonding

23
Q

What are acheulean tools dated to

A

1.7 Mya

24
Q

Attributes of Acheulean tools

A

Hints to a smarter animal
- multiple steps
- biracial flaking
- shows mental templating

25
Q

Where did heidelbergensis live

A
  • Evolved first in Africa
  • spread to Europe and Asia
26
Q

When did heidelbergensis live

A

800,000 - 200,000 kyr

27
Q

What was the climate like for heidelbergensis

A

Colder

28
Q

Anatomy of heidelbergensis to ergaster

A

Larger cranial capacity
Wider parietal bones
Sägittal keeling
Kept from ergaster
-Brow ridge
- thick cranial bone
- nuchal torus

29
Q

Where did Neanderthals live

A

Europe below latitude 55°N
West to the edge of Siberia
South to the near East

30
Q

When did Neanderthals live

A

200 - 29 kyr

31
Q

What climate did Neanderthals live

A

Glaciers repeatedly spread and receded

32
Q

Neanderthal “derived” features

A
  • Double-arched, continuously thick brow ridge
  • long low cranium “football”
  • projecting midface
  • by nose
  • occipital bun
  • retromolar gap
  • no chin
33
Q

Where and what did modern humans appear

A
  • Appear in Africa
  • 160 kyr
  • 1450 cc
  • round cranium “bowling ball”
  • weak nuchal torus
  • gracile, flat face
34
Q

What is a mental trigon?

A

Triangle on chin

35
Q

What is a mental trigonc

A

Triangle shape on chin

36
Q

Mental trigon

A

Shape on chin

37
Q

How is facial prognathism related to thesize of the anterior dentition

A

The larger the canines the more prognathism present

38
Q

Why would tool use lead to a reduction in tooth and face size

A

More processed foods mean less need for such large zygomatic and large teeth

39
Q

What are some hypotheses for the function of the Supra orbital torus

A
  • Sweat
  • fights
  • sexual selection
40
Q

Function and understanding from the nuchal torus

A

-For the neck muscles to attach to
- hunting
- carrying

41
Q

What do the dental and cranial features of early homo show in difference from australopithacines

A
  • Tools
  • Fire
42
Q

What could be evidence of interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens

A
  • Projecting middle face
  • occipital bun
  • brow ridge
43
Q

What type of prognathism do Neanderthals have

A

Midfacial

44
Q

Diastema

A

Gracile

45
Q

What species does suprainiac fossa appear in

A

Neanderthals

46
Q

What is the order of species

A
  • Ardipithecus
  • gracile
  • robust
  • habilines
  • heidelbergensis
  • Neanderthals
  • ergastor
  • sapien
47
Q

What is a hominid and how does it differ from other apes

A
  • Erect, bipedal, primate mammals
  • less prognathism
  • taller
    -Bipeds
  • smaller canines and molars
48
Q

Derived traits

A
49
Q

Stone tool industries and which hominids areassociated with each

A
  • Oldowan and archulean
  • habilines = oldowan
  • ergaster = archulean
50
Q

L

A

Biological Anthropology Lab Final (1 decks)

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