Final Flashcards
1
Q
When viewing 2500 slides of faces and places for 10 seconds, participants were able to recognize ________ percent of the slides.
A
90
2
Q
A lack of conscious memories of your first 4 years of life best illustrates
A
Infantile amnesia
3
Q
A mnemonic is a
A
memory aid
4
Q
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Harrison is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Harrison is experiencing the effects of
A
retroactive inferrence
5
Q
An iconic memory is a ________ memory.
A
sensory
6
Q
False news stories posted on social media can spread and become false memories, demonstrating how false memories can
A
become socially contagious
7
Q
Long-term memory refers to
A
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
8
Q
Muhammad remembers everything that has ever happened in his life since he was 5 years old. Unfortunately, having every memory cueing another memory makes life difficult for Muhammad. His experience is called
A
highly superior autobiographical memory.
9
Q
Previously learned information often makes it easier for us to learn new information. This effect is called
A
positive transfer
10
Q
Research on the storage of memory indicates that
A
our brain distributes the components of a memory across a network of locations.
11
Q
Smells, tastes, and sights that can evoke a stored memory are called
A
retrieval cues
12
Q
The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve
A
interference
13
Q
To find out how long our short-term memories last, ________ asked people to remember three-consonant groups. The people were not allowed to rehearse the consonants before testing.
A
Peterson and Peterson
14
Q
Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?
A
long-term memory
15
Q
Because it happens without our awareness, implicit memory is also called
A
nondeclarative memory
16
Q
By consciously rehearsing in many separate study sessions over the semester the facts you need to learn, you are most clearly taking advantage of
A
disturbed practice
17
Q
Conscious rehearsal of what your mother has told you about your family’s ancestry requires
A
working memory
18
Q
During her psychology test, Danielle could not remember the meaning of the termiconic memory. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared in the middle of a right-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
A
automatic processing
19
Q
During sleep, the brain reorganizes and consolidates information for ________ memory.
A
long term
20
Q
Explicit memory is also known as
A
declarative memory
21
Q
A large intelligence test score gap between those who are wealthy and those who are poor can be found in countries with
A
a large wealth gap between the rich and the poor.
22
Q
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)
A
concept
23
Q
John just spent six months studying abroad in Japan. Based on his experiences, he is more likely to be
A
creative
24
Q
Kayla is taking an in-class exam on the material that has been covered thus far in her trigonometry course. When she has to solve an application question, Kayla is most likely to rely on
A
algorithms
25
Language refers to the
spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning.
26
Maria is natively fluent in two languages. Interestingly, her brain processes
both languages in similar areas of the brain
27
Mentally breaking the sentences they hear into individual words best illustrates an 8-month-old’s developing capacity for
receptive language
28
Many people who are bilingual experience a different sense of self depending on which language they are using. This most clearly illustrates the implications of
Gentner’s linguistic relativism theory
29
Noam Chomsky emphasized that children's ability to pick up language so readily resulted from
their built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules.
30
Overconfidenceis defined as the tendency to
underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are wrong.
31
Psychologists who study cognition focus on mental activities associated with all of the following EXCEPT
emotions
32
Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the capacity to
communicate through the use of symbols.
33
Semantics refers to the
rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.
34
Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called
heuristics
35
The ability to delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-range rewards is most clearly a characteristic of
emotional intelligence
36
The normal curve would represent the distribution of
American women in terms of their physical heights
37
The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a
phoneme
38
As discussed in class, if your goal is to be at the top of your class rank, which of the following strategies is the most effective?
Have low performing or intellectually limited class mates
39
As discussed in class, what is the critical habit that leads to success?
Rest, Recover, Rejuvenate
40
As discussed in class, which of the following is NOT a creative activity?
none of the above
41
A central human motivation is people's need to
form close enduring relationships with fellow humans.
42
According to self-determination theory, our self-esteem is boosted when our needs for relatedness and autonomy are satisfied in balance with our psychological need for
competence
43
After moving to a new neighborhood, 8-year-old Nora tells her mother that she feels lonely and unhappy because she has not yet made any friends. Nora is not having her need for ________ met.
affiliation
44
Amy often visibly displays her emotions. She does not try to hide them. Which culture is she most likely from?
Australia
45
As soon as sea turtles are hatched on a beach, they head directly for the ocean. This behavior is an example of
an instinct
46
At your annual performance review, your boss tells you that you will not be getting a raise this year. Whether you feel angry or depressed depends on whether you attribute the decision to your boss’ unfairness or to your own poor performance. This best illustrates that some emotions are influenced by
cognitive appraisals
47
Philip will play the guitar in a school concert tomorrow. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, his guitar playing is likely to be ________ if his physiological arousal during the performance is ________.
best, moderate
48
Research on the physiological basis of hunger has indicated that
hunger continues in humans whose stomachs have been removed.
49
Stephanie is at a cocktail party when a colleague makes a bad joke. Everyone begins to laugh, and Stephanie tries to push out a fake laugh at the joke. What may happen?
Her colleague will be able to tell that her laugh is fake.
50
Students who engage in excessive online socializing and gaming should remember that these activities correlate with
lower grades
51
The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of
boredom
52
Which of the following is most clearly a form of ostracism?
solitary confinement
53
With an increased use of smart phones among college students, all of the following EXCEPT ________ have also increased among college students.
studying
54
In studies of both secondary school and university students, ________ has been a better predictor of school performance than intelligence test scores have been.
self-discipline
55
Jeffrey is on the high school football team and has been rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on his helmet. This practice best illustrates the use of
incentives
56
Is empathy synonymous with compassion?
no
57
Compassion is a(n) .......
affective state
58
Darwin argued that compassion is .....
a trait that exists in all species
59
As discussed in class, which of the following is NOT a component of compassion.
self esteem
60
As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system.
sympathetic
61
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor because we believe we cannot change the situation is known as
emotion focused coping
62
Because her immune system tends to overreact Caroline is more susceptible to
autoimmune diseases
63
Our physical and emotional responses to events that we view as threatening or challenging are referred to as
stress reactions
64
Compared with pessimists, optimists have ________ life expectancy, and they approach death with a feeling of ________ life satisfaction.
longer, greater
65
Depression increases the risk of death, especially death from
coronary heart disease
66
Experiencing increased stress can make us more vulnerable to illness
by influencing our physiology and behaviors.
67
Relaxation procedures have been found to reduce
depression levels
68
In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by
the sympathetic nervous system.
69
The idea that individual happiness can lead to an improved society for all is demonstrated by the fact that
many nations measure their citizens’ well-being and provide interventions to increase national well-being.
70
Learned helplessness is most likely to be associated with
an external locus of control.
71
The study of positive well-being, desirable character traits, and enabling institutions is central to the subfield known as
positive psychology
72
Our ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards best illustrates
self control
73
Practicing mindfulness meditation has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT
increased sadness
74
Social support helps to promote cardiovascular health by
reducing blood preassure
75
Those with an internal locus of control act ________ independently and feel ________ depressed than those with an external locus of control.
more, less
76
According to Robert Weldinger, which of the following has the biggest impact on our health?
quality relationships
77
Addressing stressors with problem-focused coping would be most characteristic of those
who have a sense of personal control
78
Humor is ......
inherently ironic
79
Which of the following is not a style of humor discussed in class?
self actualizing humor
80
According to David Pakman, in the study discussed, what is the best way to change people's views on vaccines?
nothing worked in the test
81
After several months of picking up her morning coffee at the same cafe, Daria has actually started to feel affection for the gruff, scowling owner. Daria's reaction best illustrates
the mere exposure effect
82
According to David Pakman, what beliefs are most resistant to change?
those that impact our day to day lives
83
According to Lauren Weistein, why can’t the elephant break free?
a belief from the elephant that it can't break free
84
According to Philip Fernbach, what makes us susceptible to believing things that are not true?
We don’t know enough to justify almost anything we believe
85
A CEO who welcomes others’ opinions, encourages subordinates to give her anonymous written feedback on her ideas, and invites experts to critique her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit
groupthink
86
A culture in which most people obey social norms is considered a ________ culture; a culture in which people adhere to these norms with more variability is considered a ________ culture.
tight, loose
87
According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by
calculations of costs and benefits
88
Another passenger on a crowded bus accidentally stepped on Ruggero's foot. Research suggests that Ruggero would be most likely to respond aggressively to this incident if he has a
higher than average lvl of testosterone
89
At the end of his obedience studies, Milgram informed participants of the deception and the real intent of the studies. Virtually none of them regretted taking part in them. The lack of regret may have resulted from their reduced
cognitive dissonance
90
Blake is the star player on his school’s basketball team. When shooting hoops with friends at the local basketball court, he notices a few members of the rival school’s team watching nearby, and his performance improves significantly. Blake’s improved performance illustrates
social facilitation
91
By the time 6-year-old Matt was reached the front of the balloon line all the balloons ran out. So, he turned around and angrily popped his younger sister’s balloon. Matt’s action is best explained in terms of
the frustration-aggression principle
92
Cognitive dissonance theory was proposed by
Leon Festinger
93
Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of
self esteem
94
During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, hate crimes and incidents of discrimination against Asian Americans rose steeply. This provides a demonstration of
scapegoat theory
95
Erin, who is 23 years old, would like to find a romantic partner. If she is like 27 percent of Americans in her age group, she may try
an online dating service or app
96
In one experiment, researchers gave participants money and instructions either to spend it on themselves or to spend it on others. Those assigned to spend it on others subsequently experienced the greatest
happiness
97
Aesthetic attraction is .....
interest in physical appearance
98
When considering the factors of attraction reciprocity refers to .....
mutual attraction
99
Physical attractiveness ...
is influenced by culture
100
A psychoanalyst tells Sebastian to relax and say whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. The psychoanalyst is using a technique known as
free association
101
A sense of personal self-worth is called
self esteem
102
According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage.
phallic
103
According to Freud, the need to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive desires comes from the ________, which operates on the ________.
id, pleasure principle
104
According to Freud, the unconscious is
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
105
According to trait theorists, ________ are clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together.
factors
106
After studying people from 50 different cultures, researchers have concluded that the Big Five personality traits
are common across all cultures
107
Alfred Adler and Karen Horney agreed with Freud on the notion that childhood is important. However, they believed that ________ tensions during this time were important for personality development.
social
108
As compared with introverts, extraverts show
higher dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity.
109
As people get older, they tend to become more conscientiousness and agreeable and less neurotic. This is referred to as
the maturity principle
110
At any point during the psychosexual stages of development, strong conflict could ________ the person's pleasure-seeking energies at that stage.
fixate
111
Because Larry is an introvert, he usually spends weekends in his room studying. Because Georgina is an extravert, she spends most of her time with friends, either just hanging out or going to parties. Larry and Georgina best illustrate what is meant by
reciprocal determinism
112
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that
sexual drives are central to personality development.
113
Current research has concluded that repression is
rare, even in response to trauma.
114
Don’s refusal to believe the doctor’s evidence that his wife, Phyllis, is suffering from a terminal illness best illustrates
denial
115
Early humanistic psychologists sometimes assessed personality by
asking people to fill out questionnaires that would evaluate their self-concept.
116
Elena has always been outgoing and friendly. During her teen years, she had many friends. As a middle-aged adult, she kept her old friends and made new ones. Now that she is in her seventies, Elena will probably score high on the Big Five factor of
extraversion
117
Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that some patients' symptoms
made no neurological sense
118
Freud believed that the basis of human personality was some form of ________ that needed to be resolved.
conflict
119
Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body known as
erogenous zones
120
A disorder in which a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions is
a psychotic disorder
121
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical causes is called
somatic symptom disorder
122
After several panic attacks, Annie's fear of further attacks has made her afraid to leave the house or be among other people. She will no longer venture outside to get her mail or even sit on her porch. Annie is experiencing
agoraphobia
123
Among those seeking professional help for psychological disorders, eligibility for treatment is most likely to be guided by the use of the diagnostic criteria provided by
the dsm5
124
Bipolar disorders are most likely to strike people in which occupation?
artist
125
Both the inseparability of mind and body and the interaction of nature and nurture are most clearly emphasized by
the biopsychosocial approach
126
Caleb has been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. By referring to the DSM-5, his therapist will
be able to provide appropriate treatment
127
Distraction, increased negative emotions, and disrupted daily activities may be the result of
rumination
128
Fourteen-year-old Ana has long felt dissatisfied with her body and preoccupied with how others perceive her. After restricting her food intake and losing several pounds, she was pleased to receive compliments from her mother and sister, both of whom struggle with disordered eating. She has since begun skipping meals, portioning and weighing her food, and exercising excessively. As a result, her weight has plummeted, and she is exhibiting symptoms of malnutrition. Ana might be experiencing
anorexia nervosa
129
Generalized anxiety disorder is ________ common among men than women, and the symptoms last for ________.
less, 6 months or more
130
A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is
free association
131
An antianxiety drug has been found to help relieve the symptoms of
OCD
132
Behavioral conditioning therapies have achieved especially favorable results in the treatment of
specific phobias
133
Freud believed that childhood experiences result in unresolved conflicts and frustrated urges that are ________ but can continue to influence a person's thoughts and behavior.
repressed
134
In promoting therapeutic lifestyle change, researchers have noted that human brains and bodies were designed for physical activity and
social engagement
135
Miles is a high school senior who believes he is not intelligent enough to get into college and that his life is worthless and hopeless. Miles would profit the most from
Beck's cognitive therapy
136
Most self-help and support groups focus on ________ illnesses.
stigmatized
137
Psychodynamic therapy techniques involve efforts to understand patients' current symptoms by focusing on recurring patterns in their
interpersonal relationships
138
Psychopharmacology involves the study of how
drugs affect behavior
139
Sixteen-year-old Moira has been depressed during this last semester, but she doesn’t want to take drugs. An alternative way for her to lift her spirits is to
engage in aerobic exercise
