final Flashcards
what happens when low glucose levels are detected
alpha cells activated → glucagon → glycogen( glycogenolysis) and protein (glycogenesis) → increases glucose levels
what happens when high glucose levels are detected
beta cells activated → insulin → utilization of glucose, cells become permeable for storage of carbs, fats, amino acids → decrease glucose level
order of stimulus response pathway
Receptor, afferent neuron, CNS, efferent neuron, effector = response
anabolism vs catabolism
anabolism is building larger molecules for energy storage and catabolism is breaking down to use energy from larger molecules.
HPT axis and thyroxine release steps
hypothalamus secretes Thyrotropin releasing hormone –> anterior pituitary gland to produce thyroid stimulating hormone –> thyroid gland to produce and release thyroxine –>increases metabolic activity
Events of ECG
P wave: depolarization of the atria
QRS segment: depolarization of the ventricles and atrial repolarization, can’t really be seen on graph
T wave: repolarization of ventricles
how are cardiac and respiratory cycles related
Heart rate increases upon inspiration and in early expiration, at the end of expiration, heart rate decreases.
what does pulse wave measure
arterial stiffness, the more stiff, it is easier to transmit the pressure wave but harder to move blood volume
pathway of blood circulation
Left ventricle → systemic arteries → systemic capillaries → systemic veins → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle
cause of heart sounds
lub: ventricular systole, slamming of AV valves
Dub: ventricular diastole, slamming of SL valves
3rd and 4th sounds: turbulence caused by filling of ventricles
pulse pressure vs MAP
Pulse pressure = difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, directly related to stroke volume and inversely proportional to heart rate
MAP= pulse pressure plus double diastolic pressure divided by three. determines the average rate of blood flow from the beginning to the end of the cardiac cycle.
define lung capacities and normal volumes
Tidal volume: the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath, usually 500 mL
Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximum amount of of air that can be inhaled towards end of inspiration, usually 1900-3000 mL
Expiratory reserve volume: the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled towards end of exhalation, usually 700-1000 mL
Residual volume: the volume of gas remaining in lungs after exhalation, 1100-1200 mL
vital capacity vs forced expiratory rate
Vital capacity is is the amount of air a person can forcefully exhale after a maximal inhalation, forced expiratory volume is the percentage that the person exhaled during each second of the forced exhalation
conditions tied to renal- diabetes insipidus, nephritis, renal failure, diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidocis, starvation ketoacidosis
Diabetes insipidus: excessive amount of urine bc no ADH
Nephritis: inflammation of nephron causing decreased urine output and very dilute. Also blood, leukocytes, and protein in urine.
Renal failure: fixed gravity of around 1.010, urine is isotonic and contains blood plasma.
Diabetes mellitus: glucose in urine, frequent urination
Diabetic ketoacidosis: ketones in urine
Starvation ketoacidosis: high ketones in urine, also higher urine gravity.
efferent vs afferent neuron
efferent EXITS brain, sends info to effector, afferent brings info from effector to brain
