Final Flashcards
Introducing Legislation
women more likely to initiate leg on women’s interests etc.
shaping party agenda
when the amount of women increase the amount of attention to social justice issues etc also inso increase, more left leaning agenda, more issues in general
voting on leg.
gender effects conditioned on party cohesion as a result of psych factors and party discipline. In leg where cohesion is high, no voting difference between men/women. women rely on parties more and less likely to rebel so women cohesion is stronger
differences between men and women affect behavior in office
have different life experiences, distinct perspectives of same event, women share experience with other women, women spend more time with other women
differences in men/women politicians
different governing styles, distinct issue preferences and priorities, different resources
DR make a difference in politics
can be problematic (actors who work against group they represent), creates high bar and asks for them to do work on behalf of minority group
Jill Robinson effect
women leg bring more $ back to district. women outperform men bc of barriers to power women are overqualified etc.
differences in selections/incentives/expectations of female leg
in LA as women’s presence increases they are more likely to be placed on less powerful committees, men want to defend scarce resource, men push women out of economic issues so women leg on social issues
substantive representation
congruence between reps actions and the interests of represented. reps “act for” represented, consideration of a specific group in decision making arenas, women SR considered when women’s interests are considered
what are women’s issues
3 ways of defining: 1) issues the pertain to women normally private sphere and traditional view of gender, issues disproportionally affect women. 2.) women’s policy preferences, gender gap in prioritization (climate, guns) 3) gender is deeply engrained in society all issues can be gendered, one just makes a claim about any issue on behalf of women
how do you know if a group is SR
outcomes: adoption of policy for group vs process: effort to rep group interests in political process. Argentina study # of women increase # of women’s rights bills increase but don’t pass. SR affect process but not outcomes
mandate effects
descriptive rep feel obligated to rep group interests, seen in places with quotas (also in argentina study)
marginalized/label effects
minority reps relegated to working on unimportant policy issues.
linking SR and DR women change mens behavior
men look to women as leaders on women’s issues, male judges turn to female colleagues on women’s issues etc.
symbolic representation
feelings of being fairly and effectively represented. not about who reps or what they do but how they are perceived and evaluated
how symbolic rep is measured
citizen’s confidence or trust in politicians/institutions, feelings of political efficacy, levels of political engagement
symbolic rep of women=more women’s policy
women politicians offer powerful symbolic cues, however women are overall engaged less in politics and citizens where women are well represented but NOT more engaged. maybe institutions elect more women bc they are trustworthy
substantive legitimacy
belief that substantive representation has occurred (there is the right outcome)
procedural legitimacy
belief that institutions work properly/fairly
legitimacy experiment
regardless of outcome, women’s pressence legitimizes decision and increases trust in institution, women’s pressence= SL even if outcome is anti-woman
good effects of DR
countries with larger gains in women in parliament had large increase of confidence among women citizens
virtuous cycle
presence of female leg increases women conventional political participation, countries with increase in # women MPs increase in belief about women’s ability to govern
candidate trainings
teach candidate nuts and bolts, skill building which boosts self-esteem, networking oppertunities
role model effect
women politicians to whom potential women aspirants relate
exclusion mobilizing
women have increased ambition when an all male council legislates on women’s rights,
How DR and SR affect women
DR can change how women feel about politics and how men feel about women in politics, role models don’t always increase women’s candidacies and sometimes exclusion is motivating
gender quotas
affirmative action policies that promote inclusion of underrepresented groups in politics, women got tired of waiting and changed from supply issue to demand issue
origins of quotas
argentina in 1990s, women’s coalitions pushing for adoption increase a countries prob of adoption
adoption of quotas and political elites
recognize strategic advantage of adoption: with intl donors and govs. at home with women and voters. in developing countires who are more reliant on foreign aide more likelyhood of quotas
quota adoption by men
interparty competition attempt to separate their party from other left leaning parties, intraparty comp: gain control over candidate selection by challenging local monopolies
voluntary quota
adopted at party level targeting candidates,
mandatory quota
at national level, targets candidates
designates seats in leg
only x amount soley reserved for and can only be filled by women, different than saying x% of candidates must be women, can be both a ceiling and a floor
do quotas work
increase in women’s rep but at lower levels than leg by law, reserved seats always effective,
pros of quotas
increase in supply and demand, does not discriminate but compensate for barriers that prevent women, political parties control nominations making nore transparent and formal
cons of quotas
delegitimizes women hurt substantive/procedural legitimacy, tradeoff of other identities can still value privilege, creates a ceiling not a floor,
candidacy competency effects
after a quota is put in place increase in male rep competency
gender quota and gov spending
spending on public health increased after quota adopting, especial
unconventional participation
political activity that does not place directly within formal political institutions,
women protest nonviolently when
political rights not respected, higher GDP per capita, in anocracies, greater # of women’s groups
social movements
group of people with a common interest who work together either to change a policy and/or change how society perceives something
gender affect participation in social movements
gendered experiences can encourage women to mobilize, gender identities often define which issues mobilize women, gendered tactics
gender tactics
use non-threatening gender image to make a point
women’s movements
movements where women are major actors/leaders, organized around participants expressed identity as a woman, movement definition articulation and issue resolution are specific to women developed/organized with reference to their gender identity
feminist movements
efforts led by women explicitlly challenging women’s subordination,
political process theory
how the change of movement activity is related to the opening and closing of political opportunities, once political opportunity is available psych and resources become important. need cognitive liberation and pre-existing organizational network and protestors are rational
cognitive liberation
group must move from isolated, victimized perspective to a sense of collective empowerment
women’s coalitions/movements aid in adoption of women friendly policy by
identifying policy gaps, proposing specific policy solutions, adapting proposals to national context, signaling domestic support, signaling broad based multi ethnic support (especially in africa)
Ni Una Menos
started to stop femicide, framed abortion decriminalization as social justice issue connected to claims about gender violence, used already developed network
backlash effects
inside capital where pride parade was held increase in support for LGBT but outside city this support didn’t diffuse
hegemonic masculinity
gender dominant representation of men reflecting normative behavior ideals for males (in a culture in a particular period) regardless of the actual prevalence of said behavior
effects of hegemonic masculinity
promote stereotypical masculine heterosexual values, legitimizes men’s dominant position in society, creates hierarchies among men
