final Flashcards
Define Naturally acquired immunity
is gained through normal events such as illness
Define Artificially acquired immunity
is gained through immunization
Active immunity
results from exposure to antigen
passive immunity
results from addiction of others antibodies
where is natural immunity found
during pregnancy, mother IgG antibodies cross the placenta, breast milk contains secretory IgA
injection of —– containing antibodies
antiserum
what is antitoxin
is antiserum that protects against a toxin
Hyperimmune globulin
antibodies to specific disease
define immune globulin
IgG Fraction from many donors; variety of antibodies
define vaccine
IS prepared of pathogens or its products used to induce active immunity
what is herd immunity
develops when a critical portion of the population is immune to disease infectious agents unable to spread due to insufficient susceptible host
Attenuated vaccine
weakened form of pathogens, stronger immune response but may cause disease
inactivated vaccine
weaker immune response but cannot cause infections
advantages of attenuated vaccine
single dose usually induces long-lasting immunity due to microbe multiplying in body
can inadvertently immunize other by spreading
the disadvantage of the attenuated vaccine
can sometimes cause disease in immunosuppressed individuals
can occasionally every or mutant become pathogenic
generally not recommended for pregnant women
usually need to refrigeration
advantage of an inactive vaccine
cannot use infections or revert to pathogenic forms
the disadvantage of inactivated vaccine
no replication, so no amplification, several booster doses are usually needed
What is adjuvant
a substance that enhances immune response to antigens
what are toxoid vaccines
toxins treated to destroy toxic part, retain antigenic epitopes
what are subunit vaccines
consists of key proteins antigens or antigenic fragments from pathogens
what does an inactivated whole-agent vaccine contain
contains killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses
what is VLP vaccines
(Virus-like particles) empty capsids produced by genetically engineered organisms
what is not effective in young children
independent antigens
conjugated vaccines-
polysaccharides linked to protines
how do inactivated vaccines work
convert polysaccharides into T-dependant antigens
Nucleic acid-based vaccines
promising research underway
define epidemiology
is study of distribution and causes of disease in populations
what is communicable diseases
(contagious) transmitted from one host to another, such as measles cold an influenza, transmission may be direct or indirect
Non-communicable diseases
do not spread from host to host
What are attack rate
is percent of people who became ill in population after exposure to infectious agent
define incidence
is number of new cases/time/population
define prevalence
is the total number of cases at any time or for a specific period in a given population
define morbidity
is incidence of disease in a population
what is mortality
is the overall death in population
what is the case-fatality rate
is percentage of population that dies from a specific disease
what is an endemic disease
constantly present in population
what is sporadic
a few cases from time to time
define epidemic
an unusually large number of cases
what is an outbreak
is a group of cases at specific time an depopulation
a pandemic is…
global
what is the chain of infection
- reservoir of infectious agent
- portal of exit
- transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
which of the following methods of disease transmission is the most difficult to control
Airborne
virulence
ability to cause disease
likely environments
temperature
water and nutrient supply
radiation
availability of light and O2
what does CDC mean
Centers for disease control and Prevention
who is paul ehrlich
a german physician and a bacteriologist searched for the magic bullet
what is chemotherapeutics
chemicals used to treat diseases
who is alexander fleming
discovered penicillin in 1928
most antibiotics come from microorganisms that normally live in the soil including
streptomyces and bacillus and penicillium and cephalosporin
what is bacteriostatic
chemical inhibit bacterial growth
-cidal
killing
what is synergistic
combinations where one medication is enhanced
bacterial cell walls are unique and contain
peptidoglycan
What is Penicillin binding
PBPs catalyze the formation of peptide bridges between adjacent glycan strands disrupt cell wall synthesis
What is Penicillin binding
PBPs catalyze the formation of peptide bridges between adjacent glycan strands disrupt cell wall synthesis
whats is augmentin
contains amoxicillin
- and clavulanic acid a Beta-lactamase inhibitor
what are the three inhibit protein synthesis
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and macrolides
what are the three inhibit protein synthesis
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and macrolides
whats does aminoglycosides bind to
irreversibly bind to 30S
what does tetracyclin bind to
reversibly bind 30s
what does macrolides bind to
reversibly binds to 50s
whats is rifamycins
block prokaryotic RNA polymerase
effective against many gram+ and some gram -
trimethoprim inhibits——-
enzyme in later steps
first line antibiotics are given as—-
combination therapy
the size of the zone of inhibition determines—
Whether strain is susceptible, intermediate, or resistant
whats is the most common strain of penicillium
Penicillium chrysogenum
what is the most common Ig antigen
IgG
whats is multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis
resist 2 favored first-line antibiotics
how are the infections divided up
upper respiratory system and lower respiratory system
what is pneumonia
lower respiratory tract, alveoli fill with fluids like pus and blood, inflammatory response to microbial infection, the leading cause of death due to infectious disease in the U.S
pneumococcal pneumonia
accounts for approximately 60% of adult community-acquired pneumonia
what caused pneumococcal pneumonia
streptococcus pneumonia
-gram-positive
what is Klebsiella pneumonia?
caused by Klebsiella pneumonia
gram-negative
incubation 1- 3 days
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
known as walking pneumonia
caused by mycoplasma pneumonia
incubation 2 to 3 weeks
influenza
Known as the flu
caused by orthomyxoviridae
what is the most common HIV
HIV 1
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
caused by staphylococcus aureus
found in newborns
Varicella (chickenpox)
caused by varicella-zoster of herpesviral
enveloped
double-strand DNA virus
incubation 10 to 21 days
Rubeola (measles)
caused by paramyxoviridae
enveloped
single strand RNA
incubation 10 to 12 days
normal flora
mainly found in the oral cavity and intestines
esophagus have very little flora
Dental caries (tooth decay)
caused by streptococcus mutans
short generally 12 to 48 hours incubation period
Cholera
caused by vibrio cholera
incubation period of 12 to 48 hours
HEP A
caused by non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA picornavirus, HAV
incubation 3 to 5 weeks
HEP B
caused by enveloped double-stranded DNA hepadnavirus, HBV
incubation 10 to 15 weeks
HEP C
Enveloped single-stranded RNA flavivirus HCV
incubation 6 to 7 weeks
HEP D
caused by defective single-stranded RNA virus HDV
incubation 2 to 12 weeks
HEP E
Non-enveloped single-stranded RNA calicivirus HEV
incubation 2 to 6 weeks
-emia
the substance is circulating conditions are named after infectious agents
what is involved in the cardiovascular system
heart blood vessels blood
lymphatic system
lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid, tonsils appendix, and spleen
Infective endocarditis (IE)
causes by normal microbiota of mouth or skin such as staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermis, enterococci, streptococcus species and etc
plague (Black Death)
caused by Yersinia pestis
spread through fleas
incubation 30 to 60 days
cytotoxic T cells kill…
productively infected B cells that display viral antigens
mono
Caused by epstein barr Virus
incubation 1 to 2 months
pneumococcal meningitis
caused by streptococcus pneumonia
gram-positive
Botulism
caused by Clostridium botulinum
A-B Toxins- b binds to the receptors on the motor nerve endings
Rabies
Tingling or twitching around the entry site
Lyssaviruses
UTI
Urinary tract infections most frequent healthcare-associated infections
Urinary system
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
HIV structure
enveloped virus; two copies of single-stranded RNA surrounded by protine capsid
the three HIV protines
Reverse transcriptase (RT)
Protease (PR)
Integrase (IN)
HIV disease attachment and entry…
attaches to CD4+ cells
chlamydial infection
caused by chlamydia trachomatis
gram-negative
infections form- elementary body
interacts with glycogen inclusions inside endocytic vesicle enlarges, become noninfectious….
reticulate body
Bacterial Cystitis (Bladder infection)
caused by klebsiella, proteus and staphylococcus saprophytic
