final Flashcards
what is an issue with senior centres?
should remain a centre not a transition point to long-term care residence
hard to offer extensive diverse programs
what is suspected to have led to a decline in active/leisure pursuits in seniors between 1986 and 2015?
more seniors entering the workforce
between older and younger generations, which group spends more time on active leisure pursuits?
younger
how does income and education affect one’s interest in media and pop culture?
low income/little education and high income/high education do not engage as much.
middle class show more involvement
what is the continuity theory of aging?
activities/goals/interests are tied to past experiences
^^ carries on
what are the two patterns of leisure involvement according to McGuire?
contractors
disengagement theory
stopped at least one outdoor activity in the past year and haven’t learned an activity since the age of 65
expanders
lifespan development theory
have not stopped any activities and have added at least one activity since the age of 65
define lifespan development theory
have not stopped any activities and have added at least one activity since the age of 65
define disengagement theory
stopped at least one outdoor activity in the past year and haven’t learned an activity since the age of 65
what are the benefits of physical training in later life?
improvement in memory, intelligence, and cognitive speed
improved brain structure and function
can prevent declines in aging and the development of neurological diseases
benefits to executive mental functioning (setting goals, steps, planning ahead)
what group of seniors benefit from programs held in senior centres?
marginalized seniors
define gerotranscendence
the self expands its boundaries and reflect on the meaning of human life
shift from materialism and a practical view of life to a more contemplative, cosmic view
what are barriers for seniors taking university courses?
walks across campus
parking
bad weather
timing/length of class
fear of failure
what are the benefits of volunteering?
good mental health
stronger social network
increases life satisfaction
provides a sense of purpose
psychological well being
define structural lag
mismatch between changes in the aging process –
roles/places in social structure that can meet the needs of this new older person
how does senior centre participation benefit seniors?
socialization
physical health
mental/psychological well being
differentiate between second age learning and third age learning
second age is for credentials
third age is for personal enrichment
compared to younger people older people spend more of their time doing what?
solitary activites
studies on leisure activities show that older people spend most of their time on what?
passive, media-related leisure
studies have shown that more active leisure is predicted by what?
health and life satisfaction
what partially accounts for why senior women participate less in activities as they age?
women experience higher rates of chronic illness
why are so many older Canadians inactive?
social norms support inactivity for older Canadians
why do fewer women than men participate in sports activity in older age?
fewer women than men have spouses with whom to share sports activities
Milner (2007) found support for which two models of seniors’ centre membership?
the social agency model and the social club model
what is one way that seniors’ centres might develop to continue to accommodate the changing needs of older people?
by becoming entrepreneurial centres, where older people can develop small businesses
how did Cicero describe old age?
old age is not a phase of decline and loss, but an opportunity for positive changes in later life
what are intrinsic factors of aging?
physiological factors
such as carbohydrate metabolism, bone density or cognitive function
what are extrinsic factors of aging?
psychosocial factors such
as autonomy, control or social support
how did Rowe and Kahn define successful aging?
according to three standards:
“low probability of disease and disease-related disability and related
risk factors”
“high cognitive and physical functional
capacity”
“active engagement with life”
how did Kuh define healthy biological aging?
according three principles:
“survival to old age”
“delay in the onset of chronic diseases and disabilities”
“optimal functioning for the maximal time period”
what are the 4 elements of healthy aging according to WHO?
functional abilities (health-related
attributes that allow people to do what they have reason
to value)
intrinsic capacities (all the physical and mental
capabilities that an individual can draw on)
environments
(all the factors in the extrinsic world that form the context
of a person’s life)
well-being (happiness, security, and
fulfilment)
differentiate between successful aging and healthy aging
successful aging: individual
healthy aging: society
what are indicators of healthy aging
functioning and disability
physical activity
cognitive capability
name the studies of a design and evaluation of an intervention in order
determinant
efficacy
effectiveness
dissemination and implementation
what are the 3 models of healthcare?
medical
social
health promotion
describe the medical model of healthcare
focuses on the treatment of diseases and injuries
favours surgery/drug therapy, and rehabilitation through physical therapies
influneced by the payment system
describe the social model of healthcare
sees medical care as one part of a complete healthcare system
includes personal/family counselling, home care, and adult daycare programs as part of the healthcare system
tries to keep older people in their own homes (aging in place)
includes Long Term Care, which combines medical/nursing care with social and community services
multidisciplinary
describe the health promotion model of healthcare
focuses on prevention and self-care
aims to prevent disease through lifestyle change, increased knowledge about healthy behaviour, and environmental improvement
includes programs that promote fitness and those that warn about the risks of unhealthy behaviours (eg. smoking or excessive drinking )
actions that most people do not associate directly with healthcare: workplace safety regulations, seatbelt legislation, pollution control
easily intregrateable into the social model
what are the issues of the healthcare system in regards to seniors?
wait time
continuity of care and transition to long term care
according the Canadian Health Act (1984), what are the 5 criteria that must be achieved?
public (non-profit) administration
comprehensiveness
universality
portability
accessibility
what percentage of provincial and territorial government health spending do older adults account for? what are the impacts of population aging?
44%.
however, population aging adds less than 1% to the growth in healthcare costs.
what was the national medicare system of 1984 based on?
Douglas’s Saskatchewan model
what does the current healthcare system not insure that is important to older adults?
long-term care
what improvements has person centered care implementation brought on in nursing homes?
quality of life
relationships between staff and residents
between institutional care and community care, which gets less funding?
community care receives less funds
differentiate between geriatric day hospitals and adult daycares
geriatric day hospitals
hospital services, rehab, care programs
adult daycares
in-community support
describe the single-point-of-entry model
provides flexibility, continuity, and quality of care for clients while controlling costs
which model does Canada’s health insurance system support?
medical model
define long term care (LTC)
serves people with chronic illnesses and functional disabilities.
- may include assistance with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)
combines medical and nursing care with social and community services.
attempts to keep people out of institutions.
define alternate level of care
patients in acute care hospitals no longer in need of acute care
what aspect of the healthcare system do Canadians feel most concerned about?
wait times
what has had the largest effects on Canada’s increased health care spending?
population growth
inflation
name Canadian healthcare expenses in order from the largest expense category to the smallest.
hospital administrative expenses
physician salaries
drugs
other institutions
public health
describe the population in nursing homes
mainly women
generally 80+ in age
why do provincial governments fund home care?
lowers overall healthcare costs
the shift from longer hospital stays to more community care comes with some risks to manage, which are?
excess stress on an elderly spouse
family caregiver burnout
higher likelihood of uncovered, out-of-pocket expenses
ccross the provinces and territories, long term care funding, program availability, and admission criteria vary. which province uses activities of daily living (ADLs) to score older adults on their care needs?
manitoba
which care options are best for older people who require regular support with activities of daily living (ADLs)?
adult day cares
assisted living facilities
what are some social and environmental considerations that might be addressed by health promotion initiatives?
carpooling, walking, and cycling campaigns
labelling legislation for harmful substances
subsidized housing
financial literacy programs
for long-term care in provinces, what is the term for the difference between what care could or should be, and what actually takes place?
care gap
what does the “healthcare” system refer to?
medical and social services that provide healthcare support to Canadians
in the social model, how is healthcare delivered?
an integrated healthcare team
why does the current healthcare system in Canada have problems?
emphasizes the most expensive types of services, medical care, and institutional care
LaLonde Report, formally titled A new perspective on the health of Canadians was published in 1974. why was this report significant?
it considered lifestyle, environment, and health services as holistic contributors to wellness
the forecasted increase in healthcare costs can be explained by what?
commitment to the medical model
how does the Canadian government allocate funds to long-term care facilities?
level of care required by each patient
many provinces intend to shift health services from institutions to community care, but this could create further problems. what is a concern about this shift?
community care actually represents a plan to transfer more healthcare to family members.
what are constraints to social participation?
individual level
- health
- decline in financial resources
- transportation issue (inability to drive/use of public transportation)
- lack of a partner/friend
social level
- lack of programs
- not enough information
- discouraging culture/negative stereotypes
- older people who go to bars, clubs, don’t behave according to their age
- unfavourable public transportation
- unfavourable built environment
- no green space, benches for rest, etc.
- unsafe neighbourhoods
differentiate between formal and informal support
formal
- professional caregivers (e.g. doctors, nurses, etc)
informal
- unpaid help (e.g. friends, family, etc)
what 4 models describe the way people use informal support?
task specificity
hierarchy compensatory
functional specificity of relationships
convoy
describe the task specificity model
different groups (family, friends, etc) have different abilities and offer different types of support
describe the hierarchy compensatory model
support first chosen from close family and then moves outward. less intimate support is received from more distant relatives/friends
describe the functional specificity of relationships model
family/friendship tie may provide one type of support or broad range of support,
depending on relationship between between caregiver and receiver
describe convoy model
social support is a network of close friends and family who travel together throughout life, exchanging support and assistance
define developmental stake
idea that older people have a greater investment in the relationship with their child
define quasi-widowhood
experiencing feelings of grief, depression, and loss after a spouse is placed in a nursing home
what trends indicate the possible increase/decrease in the amount of informal support
increase
- longer life expectancy
- new support groups
- health promo
decrease
- as people live longer, people they know (their support network) may die - making children vital source of support
informal support MAY decline in the future
from who do senior women experience violence? senior men?
senior women
family member
senior men
acquaintance or stranger
what did research report on older adults who have only received formal care?
less loneliness and higher life satisfaction
it improves sense of autonomy and makes them feel less of a burden
what causes caregivers to feel stressed by their caregiving responsibilities?
juggling caregiving with childcare responsibilities
juggling work responsibilities
lack of formal healthcare supports
how do men and women differ in their approach to caregiving?
women tend to do more “emotional work”
sons get less involved in their parents’ emotional needs and less often get involved in routine household work than daughters
compared with older women, older men more often get care from a spouse
why are some gerontologists critical of the shift from formal support to “community support”?
not all older adults have informal supports
what are the most common forms of elder mistreatment?
neglect
institutional abuse
why do many cases of elder abuse go unreported?
some have cognitive impairment
some are in confinement
some elderly live in isolation
what theories have researchers used to explain the causes of abuse against older persons?
spousal abuse that occurs earlier in life continues in later life
abuse against older persons fits into a larger societal pattern of ageism and the devaluation of older people
what is a social support?
the help and assistance that we give and receive
what influences the type of support an older person receives? (formal vs informal)
whether he or she lives with someone
why do childless older people face a greater risk of institutionalization than do people with children?
they may lack informal support or need more formal support
most studies report that giving care to a physically or cognitively impaired older person can lead to what condition for the caregiver?
caregiver burden
adult children caregivers must face the inherent tension among which of the following?
their personal autonomy and their interdependence within the family
what is a key factor in shaping the transition between employment and caregiving?
gender
define and describe palliative care
providing relief from the symptoms, pain, physical, mental, and social distress of a terminal diagnosis
to improve quality of lifefor both the person and the family
part of the medical model, a specialized medical care
traditionally, too much focus on pain and other physical symptoms/signs
where do most deaths occur?
in the hospital
death is very medicalized
what are the stages of psychological reaction to dying?
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
differentiate between grief, mourning, and bereavement
grief: Sense of deep sorrow after a loss
mourning: expression of grief in public
bereavement: the state of having recently experienced grief
list and define the types of grief
anticipatory grief
- grief starts before and in anticipation of the death
- common in partners of older adults with a fatal disease
disenfranchised grief
- deemed illegitimate and therefore unacknowledged
insignificant relationship between the grieving person and the deceased
complicated grief
- long and severe
- inability of recovering and resuming their life
what is MAID
medical assistance in dying
what are the 5 leading causes of death?
accidents
suicides
malignant neoplasms
assault
heart diseases
where does long dying trajectory generally occur? short dying trajectory?
long dying trajectory:
long term care facility or nursing home
short dying trajectory: hospital or home
describe Erikson’s theory of ego development
a dying person looks over their life, seeks conviction that their life had meaning and purpose, prepares for death
acceptance that one’s life cycle is unique and complete
what are the 5 responses to losing a partner?
chronic grief
- low pre loss/high post loss depression
common grief or recovery
- low pre loss/high post loss depression but improves faster than chronic
resilience
- low pre loss/low post loss depression
depressed-improved
- high pre loss/low post loss
chronic depression
- high pre loss/high post loss
what were the suggestions Babitz gave in order ease distress of indigenous patients in a hospital setting
interpreters can assist with communication
large hospital rooms for extended family to visit
family allowed to spend time with dying patient
understand values and cultural preferences of an indigenous elder
define caregiver respite care
temporary institutional care providing relief for usual caregiver
what is the leading cause of death for the 65-74 age group?
malignant neoplasms (cancer)
what kinds of attitudes help people to deal with death in the best way?
they have strong religious beliefs or no beliefs at all
what aspects of Kubler-Ross’s stage theory of death and dying are most controversial among researchers?
researchers have found that not all patients experience the same emotions, needs, and coping methods.
what do Northcott and Wilson (2008) say about grief?
it often remains a recurring experience
what two main ethical questions come up regarding death and dying?
whether patients should be told that they have a terminal illness
when a doctor should allow a person to die
