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aging > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

what is an issue with senior centres?

A

should remain a centre not a transition point to long-term care residence

hard to offer extensive diverse programs

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2
Q

what is suspected to have led to a decline in active/leisure pursuits in seniors between 1986 and 2015?

A

more seniors entering the workforce

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3
Q

between older and younger generations, which group spends more time on active leisure pursuits?

A

younger

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4
Q

how does income and education affect one’s interest in media and pop culture?

A

low income/little education and high income/high education do not engage as much.

middle class show more involvement

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5
Q

what is the continuity theory of aging?

A

activities/goals/interests are tied to past experiences

^^ carries on

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6
Q

what are the two patterns of leisure involvement according to McGuire?

A

contractors
disengagement theory
stopped at least one outdoor activity in the past year and haven’t learned an activity since the age of 65

expanders
lifespan development theory
have not stopped any activities and have added at least one activity since the age of 65

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7
Q

define lifespan development theory

A

have not stopped any activities and have added at least one activity since the age of 65

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8
Q

define disengagement theory

A

stopped at least one outdoor activity in the past year and haven’t learned an activity since the age of 65

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9
Q

what are the benefits of physical training in later life?

A

improvement in memory, intelligence, and cognitive speed

improved brain structure and function

can prevent declines in aging and the development of neurological diseases

benefits to executive mental functioning (setting goals, steps, planning ahead)

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10
Q

what group of seniors benefit from programs held in senior centres?

A

marginalized seniors

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11
Q

define gerotranscendence

A

the self expands its boundaries and reflect on the meaning of human life

shift from materialism and a practical view of life to a more contemplative, cosmic view

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12
Q

what are barriers for seniors taking university courses?

A

walks across campus

parking

bad weather

timing/length of class

fear of failure

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12
Q

what are the benefits of volunteering?

A

good mental health

stronger social network

increases life satisfaction

provides a sense of purpose

psychological well being

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13
Q

define structural lag

A

mismatch between changes in the aging process –
roles/places in social structure that can meet the needs of this new older person

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14
Q

how does senior centre participation benefit seniors?

A

socialization

physical health

mental/psychological well being

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15
Q

differentiate between second age learning and third age learning

A

second age is for credentials

third age is for personal enrichment

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16
Q

compared to younger people older people spend more of their time doing what?

A

solitary activites

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17
Q

studies on leisure activities show that older people spend most of their time on what?

A

passive, media-related leisure

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18
Q

studies have shown that more active leisure is predicted by what?

A

health and life satisfaction

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19
Q

what partially accounts for why senior women participate less in activities as they age?

A

women experience higher rates of chronic illness

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20
Q

why are so many older Canadians inactive?

A

social norms support inactivity for older Canadians

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21
Q

why do fewer women than men participate in sports activity in older age?

A

fewer women than men have spouses with whom to share sports activities

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22
Q

Milner (2007) found support for which two models of seniors’ centre membership?

A

the social agency model and the social club model

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23
Q

what is one way that seniors’ centres might develop to continue to accommodate the changing needs of older people?

A

by becoming entrepreneurial centres, where older people can develop small businesses

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24
Q

how did Cicero describe old age?

A

old age is not a phase of decline and loss, but an opportunity for positive changes in later life

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25
Q

what are intrinsic factors of aging?

A

physiological factors
such as carbohydrate metabolism, bone density or cognitive function

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26
Q

what are extrinsic factors of aging?

A

psychosocial factors such
as autonomy, control or social support

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27
Q

how did Rowe and Kahn define successful aging?

A

according to three standards:

“low probability of disease and disease-related disability and related
risk factors”

“high cognitive and physical functional
capacity”

“active engagement with life”

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28
Q

how did Kuh define healthy biological aging?

A

according three principles:

“survival to old age”

“delay in the onset of chronic diseases and disabilities”

“optimal functioning for the maximal time period”

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29
Q

what are the 4 elements of healthy aging according to WHO?

A

functional abilities (health-related
attributes that allow people to do what they have reason
to value)

intrinsic capacities (all the physical and mental
capabilities that an individual can draw on)

environments
(all the factors in the extrinsic world that form the context
of a person’s life)

well-being (happiness, security, and
fulfilment)

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30
Q

differentiate between successful aging and healthy aging

A

successful aging: individual

healthy aging: society

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31
Q

what are indicators of healthy aging

A

functioning and disability

physical activity

cognitive capability

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32
Q

name the studies of a design and evaluation of an intervention in order

A

determinant

efficacy

effectiveness

dissemination and implementation

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33
Q

what are the 3 models of healthcare?

A

medical

social

health promotion

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34
Q

describe the medical model of healthcare

A

focuses on the treatment of diseases and injuries

favours surgery/drug therapy, and rehabilitation through physical therapies

influneced by the payment system

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35
Q

describe the social model of healthcare

A

sees medical care as one part of a complete healthcare system

includes personal/family counselling, home care, and adult daycare programs as part of the healthcare system

tries to keep older people in their own homes (aging in place)

includes Long Term Care, which combines medical/nursing care with social and community services

multidisciplinary

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36
Q

describe the health promotion model of healthcare

A

focuses on prevention and self-care

aims to prevent disease through lifestyle change, increased knowledge about healthy behaviour, and environmental improvement

includes programs that promote fitness and those that warn about the risks of unhealthy behaviours (eg. smoking or excessive drinking )

actions that most people do not associate directly with healthcare: workplace safety regulations, seatbelt legislation, pollution control

easily intregrateable into the social model

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37
Q

what are the issues of the healthcare system in regards to seniors?

A

wait time

continuity of care and transition to long term care

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38
Q

according the Canadian Health Act (1984), what are the 5 criteria that must be achieved?

A

public (non-profit) administration

comprehensiveness

universality

portability

accessibility

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39
Q

what percentage of provincial and territorial government health spending do older adults account for? what are the impacts of population aging?

A

44%.

however, population aging adds less than 1% to the growth in healthcare costs.

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40
Q

what was the national medicare system of 1984 based on?

A

Douglas’s Saskatchewan model

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41
Q

what does the current healthcare system not insure that is important to older adults?

A

long-term care

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42
Q

what improvements has person centered care implementation brought on in nursing homes?

A

quality of life

relationships between staff and residents

43
Q

between institutional care and community care, which gets less funding?

A

community care receives less funds

44
Q

differentiate between geriatric day hospitals and adult daycares

A

geriatric day hospitals
hospital services, rehab, care programs

adult daycares
in-community support

45
Q

describe the single-point-of-entry model

A

provides flexibility, continuity, and quality of care for clients while controlling costs

46
Q

which model does Canada’s health insurance system support?

A

medical model

47
Q

define long term care (LTC)

A

serves people with chronic illnesses and functional disabilities.
- may include assistance with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)

combines medical and nursing care with social and community services.

attempts to keep people out of institutions.

48
Q

define alternate level of care

A

patients in acute care hospitals no longer in need of acute care

49
Q

what aspect of the healthcare system do Canadians feel most concerned about?

A

wait times

50
Q

what has had the largest effects on Canada’s increased health care spending?

A

population growth

inflation

51
Q

name Canadian healthcare expenses in order from the largest expense category to the smallest.

A

hospital administrative expenses

physician salaries

drugs

other institutions

public health

52
Q

describe the population in nursing homes

A

mainly women

generally 80+ in age

53
Q

why do provincial governments fund home care?

A

lowers overall healthcare costs

54
Q

the shift from longer hospital stays to more community care comes with some risks to manage, which are?

A

excess stress on an elderly spouse

family caregiver burnout

higher likelihood of uncovered, out-of-pocket expenses

55
Q

ccross the provinces and territories, long term care funding, program availability, and admission criteria vary. which province uses activities of daily living (ADLs) to score older adults on their care needs?

A

manitoba

56
Q

which care options are best for older people who require regular support with activities of daily living (ADLs)?

A

adult day cares

assisted living facilities

57
Q

what are some social and environmental considerations that might be addressed by health promotion initiatives?

A

carpooling, walking, and cycling campaigns

labelling legislation for harmful substances

subsidized housing

financial literacy programs

58
Q

for long-term care in provinces, what is the term for the difference between what care could or should be, and what actually takes place?

A

care gap

59
Q

what does the “healthcare” system refer to?

A

medical and social services that provide healthcare support to Canadians

60
Q

in the social model, how is healthcare delivered?

A

an integrated healthcare team

61
Q

why does the current healthcare system in Canada have problems?

A

emphasizes the most expensive types of services, medical care, and institutional care

62
Q

LaLonde Report, formally titled A new perspective on the health of Canadians was published in 1974. why was this report significant?

A

it considered lifestyle, environment, and health services as holistic contributors to wellness

63
Q

the forecasted increase in healthcare costs can be explained by what?

A

commitment to the medical model

64
Q

how does the Canadian government allocate funds to long-term care facilities?

A

level of care required by each patient

65
Q

many provinces intend to shift health services from institutions to community care, but this could create further problems. what is a concern about this shift?

A

community care actually represents a plan to transfer more healthcare to family members.

66
Q

what are constraints to social participation?

A

individual level
- health
- decline in financial resources
- transportation issue (inability to drive/use of public transportation)
- lack of a partner/friend

social level
- lack of programs
- not enough information
- discouraging culture/negative stereotypes
- older people who go to bars, clubs, don’t behave according to their age
- unfavourable public transportation
- unfavourable built environment
- no green space, benches for rest, etc.
- unsafe neighbourhoods

67
Q

differentiate between formal and informal support

A

formal
- professional caregivers (e.g. doctors, nurses, etc)

informal
- unpaid help (e.g. friends, family, etc)

68
Q

what 4 models describe the way people use informal support?

A

task specificity

hierarchy compensatory

functional specificity of relationships

convoy

69
Q

describe the task specificity model

A

different groups (family, friends, etc) have different abilities and offer different types of support

70
Q

describe the hierarchy compensatory model

A

support first chosen from close family and then moves outward. less intimate support is received from more distant relatives/friends

71
Q

describe the functional specificity of relationships model

A

family/friendship tie may provide one type of support or broad range of support,

depending on relationship between between caregiver and receiver

72
Q

describe convoy model

A

social support is a network of close friends and family who travel together throughout life, exchanging support and assistance

73
Q

define developmental stake

A

idea that older people have a greater investment in the relationship with their child

74
Q

define quasi-widowhood

A

experiencing feelings of grief, depression, and loss after a spouse is placed in a nursing home

75
Q

what trends indicate the possible increase/decrease in the amount of informal support

A

increase
- longer life expectancy
- new support groups
- health promo

decrease
- as people live longer, people they know (their support network) may die - making children vital source of support

informal support MAY decline in the future

76
Q

from who do senior women experience violence? senior men?

A

senior women
family member

senior men
acquaintance or stranger

77
Q

what did research report on older adults who have only received formal care?

A

less loneliness and higher life satisfaction

it improves sense of autonomy and makes them feel less of a burden

78
Q

what causes caregivers to feel stressed by their caregiving responsibilities?

A

juggling caregiving with childcare responsibilities

juggling work responsibilities

lack of formal healthcare supports

79
Q

how do men and women differ in their approach to caregiving?

A

women tend to do more “emotional work”

sons get less involved in their parents’ emotional needs and less often get involved in routine household work than daughters

compared with older women, older men more often get care from a spouse

80
Q

why are some gerontologists critical of the shift from formal support to “community support”?

A

not all older adults have informal supports

81
Q

what are the most common forms of elder mistreatment?

A

neglect

institutional abuse

82
Q

why do many cases of elder abuse go unreported?

A

some have cognitive impairment

some are in confinement

some elderly live in isolation

83
Q

what theories have researchers used to explain the causes of abuse against older persons?

A

spousal abuse that occurs earlier in life continues in later life

abuse against older persons fits into a larger societal pattern of ageism and the devaluation of older people

84
Q

what is a social support?

A

the help and assistance that we give and receive

85
Q

what influences the type of support an older person receives? (formal vs informal)

A

whether he or she lives with someone

86
Q

why do childless older people face a greater risk of institutionalization than do people with children?

A

they may lack informal support or need more formal support

87
Q

most studies report that giving care to a physically or cognitively impaired older person can lead to what condition for the caregiver?

A

caregiver burden

88
Q

adult children caregivers must face the inherent tension among which of the following?

A

their personal autonomy and their interdependence within the family

89
Q

what is a key factor in shaping the transition between employment and caregiving?

A

gender

90
Q

define and describe palliative care

A

providing relief from the symptoms, pain, physical, mental, and social distress of a terminal diagnosis

to improve quality of lifefor both the person and the family

part of the medical model, a specialized medical care

traditionally, too much focus on pain and other physical symptoms/signs

91
Q

where do most deaths occur?

A

in the hospital

death is very medicalized

92
Q

what are the stages of psychological reaction to dying?

A

denial

anger

bargaining

depression

acceptance

93
Q

differentiate between grief, mourning, and bereavement

A

grief: Sense of deep sorrow after a loss

mourning: expression of grief in public

bereavement: the state of having recently experienced grief

94
Q

list and define the types of grief

A

anticipatory grief
- grief starts before and in anticipation of the death
- common in partners of older adults with a fatal disease

disenfranchised grief
- deemed illegitimate and therefore unacknowledged
insignificant relationship between the grieving person and the deceased

complicated grief
- long and severe
- inability of recovering and resuming their life

95
Q

what is MAID

A

medical assistance in dying

96
Q

what are the 5 leading causes of death?

A

accidents

suicides

malignant neoplasms

assault

heart diseases

97
Q

where does long dying trajectory generally occur? short dying trajectory?

A

long dying trajectory:
long term care facility or nursing home

short dying trajectory: hospital or home

98
Q

describe Erikson’s theory of ego development

A

a dying person looks over their life, seeks conviction that their life had meaning and purpose, prepares for death

acceptance that one’s life cycle is unique and complete

99
Q

what are the 5 responses to losing a partner?

A

chronic grief
- low pre loss/high post loss depression

common grief or recovery
- low pre loss/high post loss depression but improves faster than chronic

resilience
- low pre loss/low post loss depression

depressed-improved
- high pre loss/low post loss

chronic depression
- high pre loss/high post loss

100
Q

what were the suggestions Babitz gave in order ease distress of indigenous patients in a hospital setting

A

interpreters can assist with communication

large hospital rooms for extended family to visit

family allowed to spend time with dying patient

understand values and cultural preferences of an indigenous elder

101
Q

define caregiver respite care

A

temporary institutional care providing relief for usual caregiver

102
Q

what is the leading cause of death for the 65-74 age group?

A

malignant neoplasms (cancer)

103
Q

what kinds of attitudes help people to deal with death in the best way?

A

they have strong religious beliefs or no beliefs at all

104
Q

what aspects of Kubler-Ross’s stage theory of death and dying are most controversial among researchers?

A

researchers have found that not all patients experience the same emotions, needs, and coping methods.

105
Q

what do Northcott and Wilson (2008) say about grief?

A

it often remains a recurring experience

106
Q

what two main ethical questions come up regarding death and dying?

A

whether patients should be told that they have a terminal illness

when a doctor should allow a person to die

aging (2 decks)

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