Final Flashcards

Question

What are the stages of Piaget's cognitive development?

Answer 1

- Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years) - Preoperational (2 to 6 years) - Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years) - Formal Operational (12 years to adulthood)

Answer 2

- Emphasizes the role of social context in development. - People are inseparable from the familial neighbourhood and societal contexts in which they live. Vygotsky and broffenbrenner

Answer 3

- Examines how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through social interaction. - We learn about the culture in which we live from the culture that we living. - Knowledge and understanding of this context is handed down. - This can be through family rituals, cultural rituals, ect. - We often learn about appropriate behavior by learning what things happen in the culture/environment that we live.

Answer 4

1.Addresses both the role of the individual and that individual’s social interactions. 2.Development is the result of interactions among biological, cognitive, and psychological changes within a person and their changing context. 3.Individuals are embedded in, or surrounded by, series of sociocultural contexts.

Answer 5

- He believed that some of these contexts are biological. Ex: if you were raising a child in the 50s-80s, you might be living in a house that was painted with led based paint, some kids might get poisoned from this. - If you lived somewhere that you didn’t have access to water there will be a biological effect. - If you went to a poor vs rich school, you will be more or less cognitive stimulated based on available resources. Your relationships with others will also affect social aspects. - He looked more at how the individual is affected by the environment but how that individual also alters its own environment. Ex: if you talk to anyone if having children changed them, they would all say yes (if they raised them) it’s not only that the environment is affecting the individual but the individual is also affecting its environment.

Answer 6

Macrosystem: Exo-system: individual does not always come in contact but it affects them. Meso-system: anything in the microsystem interacting with one another. Ex: parents are interacting with teachers in school, family is interacting with friends. Your behavior and sense of self is affected by being a part of or observing how everything in the microsystem interacts with one another. We have the ability to alter things in the meso-system. Microsystem

Answer 7

Dominant-Recessive disorders From one dominant and one recessive allele - Huntington’s Disease - Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 8

Age: Women today are having babies later and later If woman is over 35 it is an automatic high-risk pregnancy Increased risk of down syndrome.

Answer 9

Nutrition: Everything the mom takes in goes through the umbilical cord and to the baby. Need 2000-3000 calories a day when you are pregnant.

Answer 10

Emotional well-being: When they get stressed, the stress hormones increase and go through the umbilical cord and to the baby. When the mom experiences stress, so does the baby. Babies heart rate goes up . It is more likely for the baby to have low birth weight Can result in the child later having anxiety disorder, ADHD, ADD.

Answer 11

Prenatal care: Collection of services provided to individuals who are pregnant to make sure their babies health is okay. Includes check-ups, prenatal vitamins. With regard to check-ups one can see if something is putting the baby or mother at risk. Women who do not get prenatal care often have the number one risk of having a low weight baby. In Canadian prenatal care is accessible but When you have other children and are working you might not have time to go to the doctor. Ex: might not have someone to take care of your other children. In the US they do not have free medical care and women who have health insurance go US health care is linked to employment Sometimes women don’t go because they are not sure if they will keep the baby go on with the pregnancy Some women are at a disadvantage. Minorities have higher rate of low SES Indigenous women have less access to prenatal care than non-indigenous women.

Answer 12

Nutrition - There is a specific hormone (leptin) it is related to puberty. It is stored in fat cells. The more fat cells the more leptin you will develop. The more leptin you have the sooner you will start puberty. We also see connections between obesity and puberty. It’s easier to hide when boys reach sperm-archy than men-archy. We’re good at keeping records of men-archy. We know that girls are starting their periods earlier in the last 100 to 200 years. This may be because we have more access to nutrition and more access to processed foods (this helps us get fat which makes us hit puberty sooner)

Answer 13

Stress also plays a really big role. If girls are living in a really stressful environment, if she’s a victim of abuse etc. (severe stress) that can bring on men-archy early.

Answer 14

We see a strong correlation between early men-archy and low SES. We also see a very strong correlation between low SES and obesity. When you are poor you don’t have access to enough nutrients. SO there is a higher correlation between being poor and men-archy and puberty

Answer 15

Stress can also make a girl have her period stop. This is called ameneria. This is because your body realizes how stressed you are and doesn’t think you will be able to maintain a pregnancy so it stops you ovulating because it thinks you wouldn’t survive. This stress will more likely be something like you have cancer and are being treated or you have multiple broken bones etc.

Answer 16

Off timed Puberty: This tells them that they are different from everybody else. Either you have to start wearing a bra or oppositely you look like a child. More anxiety, higher levels of depression are shown. Early: Before 8 (girls) or 9 (boys) Late: After 13 (girls) or 14 (boys) Girls often have significant body image issues they have a tendency to be victims of sexual harassment because their friends are teasing them about having a bra or boobs etc. Later, when she is fully gone through puberty. This means by 12 she looks like a women if she started puberty when she was 8. If she looks sexually mature, people spread rumors about sexual maturity. The way other people treat her is different.

Answer 17

Early maturation linked with more problems than late maturation. This is for girls. It’s often the opposite for boys.

Answer 18

- contextual is stuff around you and how that affects stuff around you. Ex: you have a 12-year-old girl being hit on by 16, 18-year-old boys. This means they have a tendency to get involved in age-inappropriate behavior. - Maybe at 12 or 13 they are getting involved in drugs and alcohol and sexual activity. This is because everyone around them is treating them if they are older. - They often start hanging around older kids because they look more similar to them and start behaving older than their age. - These contextual factors push them into experiences that aren’t good for them. Girls that are early timed have higher rates of sexual activities, STI, teen pregnancy, etc.

Answer 19

- Parents that have low impulse control, a shirt temper, poor problem-solving skills, coping skills, etc, the parent gets upset a lot faster so they resort to abuse a lot faster. Families that live in poverty and have marital distress are more likely to lead to abuse to children.

Answer 20

common substance use. Average age is 14 for starting use. Effects on developing brain is worse than consuming alcohol. Marijuana was legalized here 5 years ago but we haven’t really seen an increase in use. When we survey 15-24year-olds, 25% said they had consumed marijuana (none of whom have a fully developed brain). When we survey adolescents and young adults about attitudes about cannabis and marijuana use, we find differing perspectives between males and females. Men are more likely to be consumers of it. Men are more likely to perceive it as less risky. BUT men are more likely to operate a motor vehicle after consuming cannabis than women. This is against the law.

Answer 21

Vygotsky More skilled partner is attuned to needs of the child and guides her accomplish more than she could do alone. this is verbal for the most part. It is when a more skilled partner (parent, caregiver etc) is attuned to the needs of the child and guides them to accomplish more than they could do alone. This happens a lot with kids. Parents can tell a kid is ready to do something they haven’t yet so they talk them through it.

Answer 22

Vygotsky The gap between a child’s competence level (what she can do alone) and what she can do with assistance. The zone of proximal development. Think of the zone as in a space. A child could be between a zone of development, they know how to do something but they need to be guided to do that thing in a different context.

Answer 23

- Holds incoming sensory information in its original form. - If you see something, hear, taste, something etc, if one of your senses is stimulated then our sensory memory will hold onto that information in its original form. It will only hold on to this information as long as you pay attention to it. This means that we are often exposed to many types of sensory information but we don’t pay attention to it. Our brain acknowledges that we’re sensing something but we won’t think about it unless we are paying attention to it. - Attention: Awareness of information. Typically, what we do is we move information that we have paid attention to into our working memory.

Answer 24

Holds and processes information that is being ‘worked on’ (manipulated, encoded, or retrieved) Our working memory is our short-term memory. Manipulated means we are trying to process and understand the information. Encoding means putting it in a place to be retrieved later. Or retrieve memory from our long-term memory. Our working memory is the part of our brain that processes that information and does something with it. Central Executive: * Control processor that directs the flow of information and regulates cognitive activities such as attention, action, and problem-solving. The central executive is a essentially a sorting system. It decides what should be done with the information and where it should go. It doesn’t do anything with it, it just makes the directions. Executive Function: * Cognitive process of understanding information, making decisions, and solving problems. The executive function acts on the instructions given by the central executive. The actual processes are dealt with by executive function.

Answer 25

- Unlimited store that holds information indefinitely. Long term memory is an unlimited store that holds information indefinitely. IN long term memory we either take something processed by working memory, the central execute would decide how to put something in long term memory. Or if you’re reading a topic you already know about you’re central executive will tell the long-term memory to pull on that information and bring it into short term memory so you can use it while reading

Answer 26

now we’re better at making decisions than we were as a child but we aren’t great at it. Adolescence are perfectly capable of rational decision making. The way that they are better at making decisions is if the decision they are making has no risk involved. When you include risk taking, the limbic system kicks in and messes you up. The more tempting something is, the limbic system is going to tell you to do it regardless of what your pre-frontal cortex tells you. one of the things we know about risk taking behaviors is that adolescents are way more susceptible to the positive feedback from the risky stimuli. They don’t pay attention to the risky behaviors. They downplay the costs and up-play the benefits.

Answer 27

There’s an increase in IQ scores overtime. About 3 points per decade. Therefore, IQ scores went up about 30 points over the last 100 years. Flynn is wondering if people are actually getting smarter overtime or if education is more common. In addition, there’s more for us to know and life is more complicated now because of technology etc. We have to be smarter to survive, exist and excel.

Answer 28

social class is more what is causing those differences. Its more that those numbers are about sees and not race. Accounts for many ethnic differences in IQ scores. Differences based on SES are not inborn. Contributes to IQ through differences in culture, nutrition, living conditions, school resources, intellectual stimulation, and life circumstances. people living in poverty have lower IQ and people living in upper classes have higher IQs. BUT this difference is not the same in infants. These differences don’t exist in infants.

Answer 29

Knowledge of sounds used in a given language (humans are able to make out more sounds than are in any language) Learning how to detect, discriminate, and produce speech sounds.

Answer 30

Understanding the ways that sounds can be combined to form words Infants learn that sounds can be combined in meaningful ways Infants and toddlers learn to make meaningful sounds based on our reaction to their combinations.

Answer 31

Meaning or context of words and sentences. Growing vocabulary signals increase in semantic knowledge

Answer 32

Knowledge of the structure of sentences Rules by which words are to be combined to form sentences. In English we do Subject, Verb, Object

Answer 33

Understanding how to use language to communicate effectively we talk to kids, parents, teachers etc differently. Need to know your audience. Need to learn that there is an intonation at the end of a sentence when asking a question.

Answer 34

-Less developed language skills -Less exposure to speech (this is called the word gap) -Lower quality parent-child interactions (children who have been exposed to a lot of aces have a tendency to self-isolate which causes them to be exposed to less language.) - Increased household instability and disorder. Trends: - Children that live in poverty know up to four million less words than kids who grew up in higher SES families. This is by the time they are 9 or 10 - children who grow up in poverty are more likely to be given directives rather than having interactive conversations with their parents.

Answer 35

1. Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness (birth to 2 months) That infant will respond to anyone who is making sure their needs are met. They don’t care who it is. All they want is for someone to relieve their distress. 2. Discriminating sociability (2 through 6-7 months) - begin to prefer familiar people. That infant typically has one or more regular care giver. These people regularly come to an infant’s aid when they are in distress. The infant then starts preferring those individuals. 3. Attachments (7-24 months) - child becomes connected to very specific and regular caregivers. 4. Reciprocal Relationships (24 – 30 months and onwards) at this point, both people will do things to continue to keep that relationship strong, and connected and attached. Mary Ainsworth created a strange situation test to test the strength of an attachment that kids have with one another

Answer 36

-The way we describe ourselves - Our assessment of our abilities, traits, and differences - The way we see ourselves (which may not be in line with how others see us) - Self-concept is an everchanging process, becoming more complex over our lifespan.

Answer 37

- Based on evaluation (self-concept is just a description, self-esteem is how we evaluate ourselves. How do we feel about who we are and how we describe ourselves?) - Feelings of self-worth, self-acceptance, and self-respect - a good way to describe self-esteem “i’m really bad at art (self-concept), and I hate that about myself (self-esteem)” - it is how you evaluate how you would describe themselves - Relies on cognitive development and a sense of self that emerges over the course of childhood. -infants and toddlers don’t have the cognitive ability to have self-esteem (self-esteem starts in childhood because of this, not infants and toddlers)

Answer 38

- Identity achievement - Identity moratorium - Identity diffusion -Identity foreclosure

Answer 39

- establishing a coherent sense of self after exploring many possibilities. - the idea is that you try to figure out who you are by doing a lot of different things. You had the opportunity to try and figure out who you were and you figures out who you were so you have a sense of achievement

Answer 40

- Time-out period providing more freedom and autonomy than childhood but is without full autonomy and responsibilities of adulthood. - Most university students are here - A lot of people do identity moratorium before they reach identity achievement Emerging Adulthood: - Extending transitional period between adolescence and adulthood. - the increased numbers of students attending university has increased the occurrence of emerging. adulthood. You don’t necessarily have all of the specific markers of adulthood. There wasn’t much of an identity moratorium about 50 years ago.

Answer 41

Not having explored or committed to a sense of self some people end up here for life, some people end up here for a longer period of time before moving into identity achievement. Maybe because they aren’t that motivated to make a decision. Sometimes people end up here because they can’t make a decision about what they want to do career wise because nothing interests them. Usually, they don’t want to go to university.

Answer 42

Chosen an identity without engaging in exploration They didn’t do a moratorium and they didn’t necessarily do identity achievement because they didn’t explore a whole bunch of possibilities. Fairly common in families where the children are told what they are going to be when they are growing up. Could also experience identity foreclosure for kids who know very young what they want to be and that’s what they become.

Answer 43

Kohlberg suggested that this way of looking at moral reasoning was cut and dry but it is fuzzy and some people never make it to post conventional and other people jump around men she wasn’t saying that men don’t care about people but was saying that their motivation was trying to figure out what is truly fair for everyone and to make sure that each individual’s perspective is taken into account (Post-conventional reasoning) Care-orientation: desire to maintain relationships and responsibility to cause harm (women (conventional)) Justice orientation: Based on abstract principles of fairness and individualism * Carol Gilligan doesn’t agree with Kohlberg, she felt that gender was a huge influence on moral reasoning. She thought that women and men reason differently. * she doesn’t think that either orientation is better than the other

Answer 44

Prosocial Behavior: voluntary behavior intended to benefit another (volunteering, generally helping others, sharing, being kind to somebody so it benefits them in some way)

Answer 45

if parents encourage kids to help with household chores or care taking, they learn that that is something that we all do (prosocial behavior). Often parents will have conversations with children about how a family is a community who helps each other. same things hold true with parents modeling prosocial behavior themselves, and helping kids understand words for prosocial behavior

Answer 46

- Discipline method based on reasoning and guidance. the whole point of discipline is that you want to socialize your child to have a positive effect on the world. Induction, any time you try to get a child to do something or not do something. You explain it to them and provide them with guidance. You explain the rule, why it is in place, and what the consequences might be - Parents model effective conflict resolution - Focuses on behavior and not child’s characteristics - Helps children internalize rules and standards

Answer 47

Androgyny: integrating masculine and feminine characteristics. This is the gender variation, people who can integrate masculine and feminine characteristics Linked with positive adjustment: androgenous is linked with positive adjustment in various areas of their lives higher satisfaction in relationships, work, overall life when being compared to hyper feminine or hypermasculine

Answer 48

Parents: Different perceptions and expectations for each gender Encourage gender-typed behavior Peers Reinforce gender-typed behavior and criticize cross-gender activities

Answer 49

-We think of sexuality as adult body parts and participating in sexual activity Kids do not think about it in this way -Childhood self-stimulation is a normative behaviour Not the same as adults: When adults masturbate the goal is orgasm When children self-stimulate the goal is to have it feel good

Answer 50

- Help teen mom and child avoid the negative maternal and child outcomes - Have basic parenting skills When parents have knowledge of normal development they have the tendency to understand children’s behavior and become less bothered by it When a mom knows about normal childhood development, she is more likely to be patient with her child - Family and community support Parents are helpful Community and family that encourage her to stay in social or develop other skills. - Access to affordable healthcare: Sometimes it is not worth it to work - Stable living environment If parent is able to create a stable living environment for the child - Involvement of the father If he can pay child support Just the presence and showing that he cares about her and the baby

Answer 51

o “she asked for it” o It’s the way she flirts” o When you have an individual that believes this, they are more likely to sexual assult women and not think that it is that serious

Answer 52

- Encourages male dominance, aggressiveness, and competitiveness - Hyper masculinity and toxic masculinity - Pushing me to be this way - We see higher rates of sexual assault in certain groups that push hyper masculinity and toxic masculintity - University and professional athletes - Professional sports is all about toxic and hyper masculinity

Answer 53

Both in Canada and the US the hyper masculinity is pushed to the point of toxic masculinity

Answer 54

- Frats are big on hyper masculinity - Frats are bigger in the states.

Answer 55

- Sexual activity is more frequent in young adulthood exception to this rule If the couple has not been together for very long it can override the age of the individual Normally, when you are young or have not been in the relationship for very long, when you are older you have been in the relationship for a long time If we ask a couple in their 50s they will report having more frequent sex than a couple in their 20s if 50 year old’s have been together for 6 months and the 20 year old’s have been together for 3 years.

Answer 56

households where you have a couple that sees themselves as life partners but they aren’t married to one another

Answer 57

since 1981 the rate of cohabiting households has tripled. It went from 6% to 21% In Canada, there are certain provinces and territories that have a much higher rate of cohabitation compared to others. Quebec’s cohabitation rate is 40% (Quebec is higher than all). There are 3 territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, and northwest territories. If you combine all the other provinces the number is only 16% Quebec became less attached to Catholicism then you will be more comfortable with cohabiting

Answer 58

individuals with lower levels of education and income are more likely to cohabit, in part because 2 can live together more cheaply than apart. Cohabitation is an economic solution. In addition, people in the upper class, frown on cohabitation. They think it is tacky. IN the upper class you need prenuptial agreements and large celebrations etc.

Answer 59

A protective factor is something that protects the child from having a bad experience. There are a number of them but the most significant one is that the parents stop fighting. So, if you marry or long term cohabit, have a child and breakup, don’t fight because that is what will screw up your kid. Kids are worse off with parents that are fighting all the time and living together than if they are children of divorce. BUT if the parents keep fighting after the divorce, the child’s experience is still difficult. Another protective factor is keeping the kid in the same house, school and neighbourhood. if we compare the 24-year-olds to 24 year old’s who were not children of divorce, we find that 10% of the non-divorced kids have the same problems. So that means that only 10% of kids of divorce are actually screwed up by it. Because of the 20%, 10% is normal for the population anyway

Answer 60

o Responsiveness and Demandingness o Outcomes for children  Seen as the most helpful and has the most positive outcomes for children. The idea is that the parents are doing whats in the best interest for their children so that when they grow up they can be good members of society. High on responsiveness, high level of demandingness 9expectations which are explained). Some characteristics of authoritative is because you combine those 2. Very clear expectations that are explained to the children. You know why the rule is there and what the consequences are. These parents are also open to negotiation.You have to alter the rules for their developmental stage and if the child puts forth a valid argument. You are open to negotiation depending on what it is. The outcomes for these children are very positive. Typically high academic achievers, typically very cooperative (because they have been highly socialized, prosocial behaviour), One of the really important aspects of these kids is that as they are growing up, if they run into any sort of a problem, the first place they go is their parents. They typically have a trusting relationship with their parents so they are more likely to go to their parents first when they have a problem. Going to parents for help is really important for kids well-being. More likely to be leaders. When kids are raised by an authoritative parent they often grow up to be an authoritative parent.

Answer 61

o Outcomes for children  low on responsiveness but high on demandingness, don’t necessarily form a secure attachment, not warm and fuzzy, but have a lot of rules. The parents typically do not explain the rules even though they may explain consequences. These kids don’t learn cause and effect becuas they don’t understand the thinking behind the rules. They do not negotiate. “my house my rules” “my way or the Highway”, “this is not open for discussion” , Do not necessarily how unconditional love. Responsiveness is low and demandingness is really high. Outcomes are lower academic achievement, they are very passive and conforming (good for social but for them), More likely to be followers, not good at compromise and negotiation because they never had the opportunity to do that with their parents, not great at conflict resolution because they never got to practice that with their parents. They often just except things. This style may go from one generation to the next. We do with our parents did unless we recognize that wans’t helpful and we recognize actively that they want to do something different.

Answer 62

o Outcomes for children  low on responsiveness but high on demandingness, don’t necessarily form a secure attachment, not warm and fuzzy, but have a lot of rules. The parents typically do not explain the rules even though they may explain consequences. These kids don’t learn cause and effect becuas they don’t understand the thinking behind the rules. They do not negotiate. “my house my rules” “my way or the Highway”, “this is not open for discussion” , Do not necessarily how unconditional love. Responsiveness is low and demandingness is really high. Outcomes are lower academic achievement, they are very passive and conforming (good for social but for them), More likely to be followers, not good at compromise and negotiation because they never had the opportunity to do that with their parents, not great at conflict resolution because they never got to practice that with their parents. They often just except things. This style may go from one generation to the next. We do with our parents did unless we recognize that wans’t helpful and we recognize actively that they want to do something different.

Answer 63

Responsiveness and demandingness Outcomes for children high on responsiveness, low on demandingness (love their children unconditionally etc. but have very few rules and regulations and because their parents are so high on responsiveness and low on demandingness these kids are pretty spoiled and almost always get their way.) Outcomes no sense of compromise or negotiation, less socially responsible. unlikely to volunteer, help others etc. “icky” to be around

Answer 64

o Responsiveness and demandingness o Outcomes for children low on responsiveness and demandingness. Could be abuse, neglectful, absent. Often seen for kids that are raised by upper class family and are raised by nanny etc. These parents often abuse drugs and alcohol. They can’t do these things because they can’t even do it for themselves. Outcomes: these kids don’t think that they matter. These kids don’t feel loved, important and they have not been very socialized. More likely to exhibit antisocial behavior. Don’t fit in because they haven’t been socialized. Either bullies or they are bullies. They don’t do well in school because they don’t have guidance. Relatively poor cognitive, social and emotional development. A lot of behavior problems. Delinquency, early sexual activity, drug and alcohol use. They typically start participating in adult behaviors really early because there’s no one to tell them not to.

Answer 65

- Social class differences in North America Middle upper class Concerted cultivation concerted means a real effort. A real effort to cultivate that child’s talents. highly involved in their children’s lives and provide a large amount of support for their children to cultivate their children’s talents

Answer 66

Working and under classes (Poverty) Accomplishment of natural growth these kids are going to accomplish whatever they can naturally, I’m not going to push anything on them or make them do anything

Answer 67

Concerted: usually grow up to be very successful career wise and financially. They also report feeling an enormous amount of pressure, higher levels of anxiety (tiger parenting falls into this category). These kids get bored really easy because their days are typically scheduled for them. Less close relationships with extended family (spend less time with them and are always in lessons etc.)

Answer 68

Growth: more creative, never bored (always figure out what to do with their time), have closer relationships with extended family (in part because of tne times this is their after-school care). Have lower-level jobs and don’t make nearly as much money. These kids are also a lot like their parents.

Answer 69

-Parental contributions: parents can contribute significantly to how close siblings are Positive: the number one thing is to use an authoritative parenting style because that facilitates more positive relationships all around. Another thing they can do is role model positive relationships. Not only between themselves but also between their own siblings. They can also promote a cooperative relationship between their children (ex: by facilitating conflict resolution in a positive way. They then role models and the more the parent does that, as the child gets older they should be able to resolve that conflict on their own). Negative:the negative is the opposite of all of these. A non-authoritative parenting style, a lack of role modelling positive relationships, not facilitating conflict resolution. Another really significant thing is favoring one child over the other “why can’t you be more like your sister”. Instead, ask them for more positive behaviors without a mention of the sister. Another thing that can be difficult is when the older sibling has more privileges. They don’t like it but they will understand it.

Answer 70

Rough and tumble play: Running, climbing, chasing, jumping, and play fighting. boys = more likely to do this with each other but this is in part because fathers are more likely to do this with their sons than daughters

Answer 71

Taking on roles and acting out stories and themes when different kids in a group take on various different roles and act out different stories and games. they play the roles of adults. We don’t find that this is more common for girls. Boys are more likely to be explorers etc. when different kids in a group take on various different roles and act out different stories and games. they play the roles of adults. We don’t find that this is more common for girls. Boys are more likely to be explorers etc.

Answer 72

Social Promotion: Practice of promoting children to the next grade even when they have not met the academic standards. one way of approaching a kid who hasn’t mastered the skills that hte other kids have mastered. One way is to move them to the next grade even when they do not meet academic standards in the hopes that they would eventually catch up. Sometimes kids fall behind because of difficult experiences, and they also believed that holding kids back damaged their self-esteem. More often than not we do social promotion in K, Gr. 1, and Gr. 2).

Answer 73

Grade retention: Practice of holding children back Reasons for retention then we said, let’s rethink this idea of just pushing them forward, so they started holding kids back because they haven’t met the standards. Historically, it was teachers and parents together who would make this decision. Then we were doing both of these things. Reasons for grade retention are that they aren’t meeting academic standards, another reason was because they were socially immature. Or because of high absenteeism because the teachers assumed that the reason, they aren’t meeting the standards is because they missed a bunch of information.

Answer 74

Outcomes for retention The outcomes for grade retained kids aren’t good. They don’t catch up. if one of the reasons was high absenteeism because they continue to have it. Kids that are grade retained in the long run do worse than kids who were socially promoted. Typically, it has a negative effect on them and effects self-esteem and self-concept. Don’t do as well in reading and math. This means that regardless of whether kids meet academic standards, they need to be pushed through anyways. What we should be doing is making sure that they have extra help in the areas where they are not meeting academic standards or if they have issues with social and emotional development, we should add extra help in those areas as well. kids that are grade retained have twice the high-school dropout rate than the kids who are socially promoted

Answer 75

Outcomes for retention The outcomes for grade retained kids aren’t good. They don’t catch up. if one of the reasons was high absenteeism because they continue to have it. Kids that are grade retained in the long run do worse than kids who were socially promoted. Typically, it has a negative effect on them and effects self-esteem and self-concept. Don’t do as well in reading and math. This means that regardless of whether kids meet academic standards, they need to be pushed through anyways. What we should be doing is making sure that they have extra help in the areas where they are not meeting academic standards or if they have issues with social and emotional development, we should add extra help in those areas as well. kids that are grade retained have twice the high-school dropout rate than the kids who are socially promoted

Answer 76

one way that they start with this influence is whether or not they think education is important. Another way is by he job that they have. This could motivate you to want to do that same thing or absolutely not want to do that same thing. Another way is how parents feel about work. If you live to work that means you love work and it fulfills you. If you work to live, you just want to make money so you can do other things in your life. when we look at individuals and look at the job that they end up in, we look at 5 occupational stages. Meaning most individuals follow a specific path that leads them through their career

Answer 77

paid work is someone leaves the house goes to work and comes home and gets paid. Unpaid work is household work, childcare, home maintenance, auto maintenance, grocery shopping etc.

Answer 78

The 1 cause of death for infants in Canada is genetic abnormalities. That means the fetus develops but dies within the first year of life. For children and adolescent’s it is accidents. Most childhood deaths are caused by a lack of parental supervision (drowning, falling out windows, falling over balconies, getting hit by cars etc.), adolescent accidents are most commonly related to poor decision making (speeding, drinking and driving, doing an extreme physical activity). When talking about adolescent cognitive development, this relates to invincibility.

Answer 79

Someone who is 3-5 will have to explain what happen to them over and over again which can be difficult for their caregivers. Children often experience guilt when someone close to them passes away and they can often blame themselves. The blame can sometimes go along with “they’ve left and they aren’t coming back” they are going to think that they left because the child did something bad.

Answer 80

- Children experiences in lesbian and gay families have nothing to do with the fact that their parents are not heterosexual - A better predictor of child experiences is if you have a positive and healthy parent relationships. -For the most part there is no differences in adjustment issues and etc between children from homosexual parents and heterosexual parents. -We find that children raised with homosexual parents have some positive outcomes. -In heterosexual households the dad is more masculine and the mom is more femineine. Ex: dad is more responsible for yard work and taking out trash, and the mom is more responsible for laundry and cooking -If you have 2 moms or two dads we do not see that one takes more masculine role etc, they are however much more likely to share those chores. Therefore their children do not express or see this gendered behaviour and makes them more androgynous. -Children of lesbian and gay parents are not damaged because of their parents it is because of the world -The idea that lesbian and gay partners are more likely to raise gay and lesbian children Not true Most of their children are heterosexual because most people are heterosexual.

Answer 81

More likely to be young and single Do not have a lot of parenting experience More likely to live in dangerous neighbourhoods Feel like spanking is the only way to keep them safe Mothers spank more than fathers Because moms spend more time with children than fathers. Researches theorize that if dads spent as much time with children, the spanking would be equal between the 2 If you go back 50 years, fathers spanked more Parents often say that they were spanked themselves Parents that spank do not have many tools in their toolbox Parenting education puts more tools in their tool box

Answer 82

Parents belifs and attitudes about ability \ oFixed or growth mindset oThe kinds of parents that don’t instill autonomy and initiative are the parents that end up with kids that have fixed mindset and helpless orientation oParents with growth mindset tend to have children with growth mindset.

Answer 83

Adulthood Securely attached: oSeek out closeness and intimate relationships oInfluences a positive working model, desire close attached relationships with their children Intergenrational transmission: Insecure attached: oHesitate to form intimate relationships oClose themselves off oOften end up with others who are insecurely attached. - When doing the Ainsworth strange situation tests only 65% of infants and toddlers form a secure attachment - 35% of adults form an insecure attachment which effects how they act in romantic relationships and their relationships with their children.

Answer 84

-Yogurt companies were trying to find a way to make yogurt for men as it was seen as a female diet food -Usually, the women’s products is more expensive “pink tax” -We maintain gender into adulthood and the rest of our lifetime. -We fall back on gendered behaviour because it feels normal oExposure continues to reinforce gender oWe end up falling into gendered behaviour -Monetarray Jack vs. Monterray Jill oMonterray Jill is the low fat one. - Blue and pink ear plugs oOnes for men and ones for women but they are the same product and only differ by colour.